Quick Lookup Table | Western Forbs

How to use this Lookup Table

This table takes several seconds to load intially and to reappear after making filter selections.

This table allows you to search and filter for forb species with certain attributes. Most columns can be filtered using the second row of the table. Information is grouped into categories indicated and color coded according to graphic below.

Clicking on any row will bring up the entirety of data available for the species including a photo and distribution map of the species, descriptions for many of the yes/no columns, a link back to the complete species review, and more.

Empty cells indicate a lack of this information currently or as of the posting of the species' review.

Species Image	Image credit	Common name	Plant family (Common)	Plant family (Scientific)	Genus	Species	More information	Recent scientific name change?	Alternate scientific name	Subtaxa?	Hybridization?	Degree of hybridization	Hybridizes within	Polyploid?	Life cycle	Longevity		Growth form	Growth habit	Max height at maturity (in)	Min height at maturity (in)	Max width at maturity (in)	Min width at maturity (in)	Stem leaves	Basal leaves	Leaf arrangement	Leaf persistence	Leaf type	Root system	Max root depth (in)	Max root spread (in)	Occurrence	Occurrence map	Map description	Major plant associations	Max elevation (ft)	Min elevation (ft)	Max precipitation (in)	Min precipitation (in)	Soil texture range	Predominant soil texture	Soil pH, salinity, sodicity	Description of soil pH, salinity, sodicity	Soil depth		Successional status	Disturbance tolerance		Light requirement	Inflorescence type	Flowers per inflorescence	Individual flower color	Flower type	Flower type details	Pollination type		Pollination agent	Animal pollinators	Fruit description	Plant flowering and fruit ripening pattern	Description of flowering and fruit ripening pattern	Dehiscence	Dispersal unit	Dispersal agent	Dispersal rate	Description of seed dispersal and rate	Flowering phenology (location dependent)	More than one flowering event possible in a single growing season (e.g. flowers in spring and again in fall)?		Date of fruit maturation (location dependent)	Structure collected	Maturation indicators	Seed color	Common seed predators	Characteristics of damaged, low quality fruit/seed	Uniformity of ripening	Description of fruit ripening (within and among plants)	Quick tests of seed fill/quality	Harvest window duration	Wildland harvest method(s)	Wildland harvest equipment		Post-harvest management	Special post-harvest management notes	General seed cleaning procedure	Seed cleaning protocol available?	Average clean-out ratio (clean/rough)	Clean-out ratio (min)	Clean-out ratio (max)	Clean-out ratio (number of samples)	Seed dormancy type	AOSA protocol for evaluating viability?	Time required to test viability	Viability protocol is for the:	AOSA test for germination?	Time required to test germination	Germination test is for the:	Average purity (%)	Purity (min %)	Purity (max %)	Purity sample size (n)	Average fill (%)	Fill (min %)	Fill (max %)	Fill sample size (n)	Average viability (%)	Viability (min %)	Viability (max %)	Viability sample size (n)		Bulk seeds/lb (min)	Bulk seeds/lb (max)	Bulk seeds/lb sample size (n)		PLS (min)	PLS (max)	PLS sample size (n)	Seed type	Cold storage required?		Seed production research conducted?	Soil protective measures	Treatments to enhance germination (Seed Production)	Method (equipment)	Seeding date		Seeding depth (in)	Does fertilization increase seed yield?	Irrigation increase seed yield?	Managed pollinators effective?	Known agricultural pests/diseases?	Plant age (yr) at first harvest	Harvest date	Seed ripening pattern	Seed retention	Harvesting method/equipment		Stand life (yrs)	Treatments to enhance germination (Nursery)	Wildland protocols available	Treatments to enhance germination (Wildland Seeding)	Wildland Seeding Machinery	Seeding Date	Seeding Depth (in)	Seed mix	Planting seedlings used to
Species Image	Image credit	Common name	Plant family (Common)	Plant family (Scientific)	Genus	Species	More information	Recent scientific name change?	Alternate scientific name	Subtaxa?	Hybridization?	Degree of hybridization	Hybridizes within	Polyploid?	Life cycle	Longevity	Longevity description	Growth form	Growth habit	Max height at maturity (in)	Min height at maturity (in)	Max width at maturity (in)	Min width at maturity (in)	Stem leaves	Basal leaves	Leaf arrangement	Leaf persistence	Leaf type	Root system	Max root depth (in)	Max root spread (in)	Occurrence	Occurrence map	Map description	Major plant associations	Max elevation (ft)	Min elevation (ft)	Max precipitation (in)	Min precipitation (in)	Soil texture range	Predominant soil texture	Soil pH, salinity, sodicity	Description of soil pH, salinity, sodicity	Soil depth	Soil description	Successional status	Disturbance tolerance	Disturbance tolerance description	Light requirement	Inflorescence type	Flowers per inflorescence	Individual flower color	Flower type	Flower type details	Pollination type	Pollination description	Pollination agent	Animal pollinators	Fruit description	Plant flowering and fruit ripening pattern	Description of flowering and fruit ripening pattern	Dehiscence	Dispersal unit	Dispersal agent	Dispersal rate	Description of seed dispersal and rate	Flowering phenology (location dependent)	More than one flowering event possible in a single growing season (e.g. flowers in spring and again in fall)?	Time from flowering to fruit maturation (days)	Date of fruit maturation (location dependent)	Structure collected	Maturation indicators	Seed color	Common seed predators	Characteristics of damaged, low quality fruit/seed	Uniformity of ripening	Description of fruit ripening (within and among plants)	Quick tests of seed fill/quality	Harvest window duration	Wildland harvest method(s)	Wildland harvest equipment	Wildland harvest rate	Post-harvest management	Special post-harvest management notes	General seed cleaning procedure	Seed cleaning protocol available?	Average clean-out ratio (clean/rough)	Clean-out ratio (min)	Clean-out ratio (max)	Clean-out ratio (number of samples)	Seed dormancy type	AOSA protocol for evaluating viability?	Time required to test viability	Viability protocol is for the:	AOSA test for germination?	Time required to test germination	Germination test is for the:	Average purity (%)	Purity (min %)	Purity (max %)	Purity sample size (n)	Average fill (%)	Fill (min %)	Fill (max %)	Fill sample size (n)	Average viability (%)	Viability (min %)	Viability (max %)	Viability sample size (n)	Average bulk seeds/lb	Bulk seeds/lb (min)	Bulk seeds/lb (max)	Bulk seeds/lb sample size (n)	Average pure live seeds (PLS)/lb	PLS (min)	PLS (max)	PLS sample size (n)	Seed type	Cold storage required?	Longevity (yrs)	Seed production research conducted?	Soil protective measures	Treatments to enhance germination (Seed Production)	Method (equipment)	Seeding date	Seeding rate with units	Seeding depth (in)	Does fertilization increase seed yield?	Irrigation increase seed yield?	Managed pollinators effective?	Known agricultural pests/diseases?	Plant age (yr) at first harvest	Harvest date	Seed ripening pattern	Seed retention	Harvesting method/equipment	Seed yield (average and range)	Stand life (yrs)	Treatments to enhance germination (Nursery)	Wildland protocols available	Treatments to enhance germination (Wildland Seeding)	Wildland Seeding Machinery	Seeding Date	Seeding Depth (in)	Seed mix	Planting seedlings used to
	USDI BLM NM930N SOS.	Hoary tansyaster	Aster	Asteraceae	Dieteria	canescens	https://westernforbs.org/species/dieteria-machaeranthera-canescens-hoary-tansyaster/	Yes	Machaeranthera canescens	Yes	Yes	Common	The species (infrataxa), The genus (other species)	No	Annual, Biennial, Perennial	Short-lived (1-3 yrs)	Longevity varies with the subspecies. The artistata and glabra varieties typically grow as annuals or biennials, variety nebraskana grows as a biennial or short-lived perennial, and variety ziegleri is a perennial subshrub.	Forb, Subshrub	Decumbent/prostrate/spreading, Erect/ascending	40	2.5			Yes	Yes	Alternate	Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually)	Simple	Tap			AZ, CA, CO, IA, ID, KS, MT, ND, NE, NM, NV, OR, SD, TX, UT, WA, WI, WY, AB, BC, SK, MX - BN, MX - CH, MX - SO		Distribution of hoary tansyaster (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1849-2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USGS.	Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Low sage, Salt desert, Sagebrush, Warm desert, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Aspen, Dry forest, Mesic forest	11,000	0	60	8	Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky	Rocky, gravelly, Coarse	Neutral, Acidic, Alkaline	Tolerates pH range 6 to 8.4, but it is more common on alkaline soils.	Moderate	Hoary tansyaster grows well on medium- to coarse-textured soils with pH of 6 to 8.4 and rooting depths of at least 10 in (25 cm) (Tilley et al. 2014). It is common in loamy to sandy alkaline soils with gravel and rocks.	Pioneer, Early	Fire, Grazing, Soil disturbance	Hoary tansyaster is an early colonizer in both primary and secondary succession. It establishes readily from shattered seed. It is common on disturbed sites and its abundance and persistence may benefit from periodic disturbance. It is used by many wildlife species, but is little used by cattle.	Full sun	Head, Panicle, Raceme	11-100	Blue, Pink, Purple, White	Perfect, Female (pistillate)		Outcrossing		Biotic (animal)	Bees, Butterflies, Flies	Achene	Indeterminate	Timing of flowering varies among varieties and generally occurs over a long period.	Indehiscent	Fruit	Animals, Gravity, Wind	Rapid		Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer, Early fall, Fall	No	Four to five weeks	June, July, August, September, October, November	Fruit	Dry fruit, Hard seed, Pappus expanded	brown	Aphids, Insects, Diseases (fungi), Rodents	Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Mold or disease visible, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed	Indeterminate	Variable	Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), X-ray	Narrow (<1 wk)	Plucking, Stripping, Swatting/beating	Containers, Dust masks, Gloves, Racquets		Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating	Seeds collected during cool or wet periods require careful and immediate drying. Vegetative material is sticky making careful drying necessary.	Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove seed appendages (i.e. pappus/ wings), Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.)	Yes	0.15	0.00	0.83	121	Not dormant	Yes	2-3 days	Species	No			91	30	99	121	91	68	99	122	89	49	99	94	1,116,176	252,000.00	2,180,769.00	121	921,408	405,784.00	1,949,184.00	94	Orthodox	Unknown		Yes	Row cover, Weed fabric	Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial)	Drill, Hilling	Fall, Late fall	0.35 to 2 lb/acre PLS or	<0.25		No, Trial results provided	Yes	Yes	One	July, August, September, October	Indeterminate	Poor	Hand, Mechanical, Combine, Vacuum harvester, Swather	200-400 lbs/acre bulk	1-2	Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial)	Yes	Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial)	Broadcast, Drill	Fall, Late fall	<0.25	Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches	Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots
		Common sunflower	Aster	Asteraceae	Helianthus	annuus				Yes	Yes	Common	The genus (other species)	No	Annual	Short-lived (1-3 yrs)		Forb	Erect/ascending	36	120			Yes	No	Alternate, Opposite	Annual plant	Simple	Tap and fibrous	107		AZ, CA, CO, DC, DE, IA, ID, IL, IN, KS, MD, MI, MN, MO, MT, ND, NE, NJ, NM, NV, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, SD, TX, UT, VA, WA, WI, WV, WY		Distribution of common sunflower (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1828-2019). Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Interactive maps, legends, and a mobile app are available. Map prepared by Sarah Barga and Benton Spendlove USFS RMRS. The species is native to the western United States and has spread across much of the country and to other countries by human dispersal and hybridization.	Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Salt desert, Sagebrush, Riparian, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Dry forest	9	0	16	6	Clay, Silt, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky	Coarse, Medium	Neutral, Acidic, Alkaline, Saline	Common sunflower is recommended for revegetation on clay, loam, silt, gravel, and sand soils and said to be tolerant of acidic and alkaline conditions, metals, and salt.	Deep, Moderate	It occurs on a range of soil textures, particularly on disturbed sites. It has been found on sand dunes and on serpentine soils.	Pioneer	Fire, Soil disturbance	Colonizes disturbed, weedy, and burned sites. Also occurs in shrub and forest areas where the overstory has been removed mechanically.	Full sun	Head	>100	Yellow	Perfect	Ray flowers are sterile. Disk flowers are perfect.	Outcrossing	Primarily outcrossing, but some selfing can occur.	Biotic (animal)	Bees, Beetles, Butterflies, Insects, Wasps	Achene	Indeterminate	Fruits are cypselas. Flowering within heads and within plants is indeterminate.	Indehiscent	Fruit	Animals, Gravity	Moderate		Spring, Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer, Early fall	No	49 to 56 days	June, July, August, September, October	Infloresence	Dry fruit, Hard seed	Gray to brown or black	Weevils, Insects, Diseases (fungi), Rodents, Birds, Livestock, Native ungulates	Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Mold or disease visible, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed	Indeterminate	Indeterminate	Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test, X-ray	Moderate (1-3 wks)	Clipping, Swatting/beating, Mechanical (extensive monocultures)	Containers, Dust masks, Gloves, Hoppers, Paddles, Combine/swathers (for large monocultures)		Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating		Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Break apart fruit structures to extract individual seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.)	Yes	0.30	0.30	0.80	45	Physiological (needs stratification), Not dormant	Yes	2 days	Species	Yes	7 days	Species	98	95	99	45	92	73	99	45	94	68	99	43	73,226	56,770.00	98,780.00	45	67,759	51,379.00	87,272.00	43	Orthodox	Yes	Less than 5 unless kept in cold storage.	Yes		Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Afterripening	Drill	Fall, Late fall	5-10 PLS/linear ft	<0.25, 0.25-0.5		No	Yes	Yes	One	October	Indeterminate	Moderate	Mechanical, Combine	300-450 lbs/acre at 95% purity	1-2	Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Afterripening	Yes	Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Afterripening	Drill	Fall, Late fall	<0.25, 0.25-0.5	Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches
	USDI Bureau of Land Management (BLM) CP 3 Seeds of Success (SOS)	Common sunflower	Aster family	Asteraceae	Helianthus	annuus				No	Yes	Common	The genus (other species)	No	Annual	Short-lived (1-3 yrs)		Forb	Erect/ascending	120	36			Yes	No	Alternate, Opposite	Annual plant	Simple	Tap and fibrous	107		AZ, CA, CO, DC, DE, IA, ID, IL, IN, KS, MD, MI, MN, MO, MT, ND, NE, NJ, NM, NV, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, SD, TX, UT, VA, WA, WI, WV, WY		Distribution of common sunflower (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1828-2019 (CPNWH 2020; SEINet 2020; USDI USGS 2020). Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) (Bower et al. 2014) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines) (Omernik 1987; USDI EPA 2018). Interactive maps, legends, and a mobile app are available (USDA FS WWETAC 2017; https://www.fs.usda.gov/wwetac/Seedzonemapping.php). Map prepared by Sarah Barga and Benton Spendlove USFS RMRS. The species is native to the western United States, but has expanded across much of North America and to other continents via introductions and hybridization.	Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Salt desert, Sagebrush, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper	9,840	0	16	6	Clay, Silt, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky	Medium	Neutral, Acidic, Saline	It is recommended for Arizona and Utah revegetation sites on clay, loam, silt, gravel, and sand soils and said to be tolerant of acidic and alkaline conditions, metals, and salt.	Deep, Moderate	Common on many soil types, especially on disturbed sites.	Pioneer	Fire, Soil disturbance	Early colonizer of eroded sites, abandoned agricultural fields, and on sagebrush, saltbush desert, and pinyon-juniper sites following burning or overstory removal. Usually declines within a few years.	Full sun	Head	>100	Yellow, Brown	Perfect	The 17-30 yellow ray florets are sterile, while the 150 or more brown to reddish disk florets are perfect.	Outcrossing	Outcrossing, but self-pollination can occur.	Biotic (animal)	Bees, Butterflies, Flies, Wasps	Achene	Indeterminate	Fruit is a cypsela. Flowering is indeterminate within a flower head.	Indehiscent	Fruit	Animals, Gravity	Moderate	Gravity dispersed seeds generally fall within 3 feet of the plant, they may be moved farther by seed predators.	Spring, Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer, Early fall	No	49 to 56 days	June, July, August, September, October	Fruit	Dry fruit, Hard seed	Gray to brown. The cypsela is black	Weevils, Insects, Rodents, Birds, Livestock, Native ungulates	Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Mold or disease visible, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed	Indeterminate	Somewhat indeterminate. Collect after petals wither and seeds and fruits are dry and hard.	Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test, X-ray	Moderate (1-3 wks)	Clipping, Swatting/beating, Mechanical (extensive monocultures)	Clippers, Containers, Dust masks, Gloves, Hoppers, Combine/swathers (for large monocultures)		Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating	Freeze or treat for insect control if needed.	Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.)	Yes	0.30	0.30	0.80	45	Physiological (needs stratification), Not dormant	Yes			Yes	1 week	Species	98	95	99	45	92	73	99	45	94	68	99	43	73,226	56,770.00	98,780.00	45	67,750	51,379.00	87,272.00	43	Orthodox	Yes	Short-lived, less than 5 years. Cold storage needed to maximize longevity.	Yes		Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial)	Drill	Fall, Late fall	5-10 PLS/linear foot	<0.25, 0.25-0.5		No	Yes	Yes	One	June, July, August, September, October	Indeterminate	Moderate	Mechanical	300-450 lbs/acre at 95% purity	1-2		Yes	Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial)		Fall, Late fall	<0.25, 0.25-0.5, 0.5-1	Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches
	J. Cane, USDA ARS.	Douglas’ dustymaiden	Aster family	Asteraceae	Chaenactis	douglasii	https://westernforbs.org/species/douglas-dustymaiden-chaenactis-douglasii/	No		Yes	Yes	Common	The species (infrataxa)	Yes	Annual, Biennial, Perennial	Short-lived (1-3 yrs)	Longevity varies among populations. Shorter lived plants are more common in dry areas.	Forb	Clumping/caespitose, Decumbent/prostrate/spreading, Erect/ascending	36	2			Yes	Yes	Alternate	Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually)	Simple	Tap	15		AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, ND, NM, NV, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY, AB, BC, SK		Distribution of Douglas’ dustymaiden (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1881-2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USGS.	Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Salt desert, Sagebrush, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Dry forest	13,100	0		7	Silt, Sand, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky	Rocky, gravelly, Coarse	Neutral, Acidic, Alkaline, Saline	Reported from saline (0.06 - 0.5 dS/m) and pH 4.2 to 7.9 soils, but also on basic soils.	Deep, Moderate, Shallow	Grows on a variety of substrates.	Pioneer, Early, Mid, Late (climax)	Fire, Soil disturbance		Full sun	Cyme, Head	11-100	Pink, White	Perfect	Heads may contain ray and disk flowers. Some heads may contain only ray or disk flowers.	Selfing, Outcrossing	Seed production is greatly improved by cross-pollination.	Biotic (animal)	Bees	Achene	Indeterminate		Indehiscent	Fruit	Gravity, Wind	Moderate	Ripening is highly variable within and among plants of a population.	Spring, Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer	No	28 - 35	June, July, August, September, October	Fruit	Dry fruit, Hard seed, Pappus expanded	Gold to black		Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Mold or disease visible, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed	Indeterminate	Variable.	Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test, X-ray, Other	Moderate (1-3 wks)	Clipping, Plucking, Stripping, Swatting/beating	Clippers, Containers, Dust masks, Gloves	0.33 lbs/hr	Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating	Dry seed collections immediately, especially if collected in fall when moisture content may be high.	Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove seed appendages (i.e. pappus/ wings), Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.)	Yes	0.19	0.02	0.70	101	Physiological (needs stratification), Morphological (needs afterripening)	No			No			96	78	98	100	93	70	99	101	92	79	99	67	374.723	210,780.00	620,000.00	101	326,999	208,802.00	565,440.00	67	Orthodox	Yes	5 yrs	Yes	Row cover, Weed fabric, Sawdust, Sand	Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Seed coating (fungicide, fertilizer, etc.)	Drill, Hilling	Fall, Late fall	20 - 30 seeds/ft; 3 lbs PLS/acre; 12 - 25 seeds/hole (if weed fabric is used)	<0.25		No	Yes	No	One	June, July	Indeterminate	Moderate	Hand, Mechanical, Combine, Vacuum harvester	3-5 on a scale of 1-9, where1 indicates extremely high seed yield.	1-2	Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Seed coating (fungicide, fertilizer, etc.)	Yes	Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial)	Broadcast, Drill	Fall, Late fall	<0.25	Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches	Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots
	©Al Schneider, swcoloradowildflowers.com.	Orange agoseris	Aster family	Asteraceae	Agoseris	aurantiaca	https://westernforbs.org/species/orange-agoseris-agoseris-aurantiaca/	No		Yes	Yes	Common	Both infrataxa and genus	Yes	Perennial	Short-lived (1-3 yrs), Long-lived (4 or more yrs)		Forb	Decumbent/prostrate/spreading, Erect/ascending	32	12			No	Yes		Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually)	Simple	Tap			AK, AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY, AB, BC, NT, ON, YT		Distribution of orange agoseris (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1876-2018. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS.	Semi-desert grasslands, Sagebrush, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Aspen, Dry forest, Mesic forest	11,800	650			Clay, Silt, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky	Medium			Deep, Moderate, Shallow	Grows in nutrient poor soils, but its abundance may be greater and growth better on soils with higher nutrient content.	Early, Mid	Fire, Soil disturbance		Full sun, Partial sun	Head	11-100	Orange, Pink, Yellow	Perfect				Biotic (animal)	Bees, Butterflies, Flies, Insects	Achene	Indeterminate		Indehiscent	Fruit	Wind	Rapid		Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer, Early fall	No		May, June, July, August, September	Fruit	Dry fruit, Hard seed, Pappus expanded	Achenes are brown			Indeterminate		Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test, X-ray	Moderate (1-3 wks)	Plucking, Stripping	Containers, Gloves		Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers	Avoid collecting stem material as it contains milky juice. Dry seed collection immediately.	Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove seed appendages (i.e. pappus/ wings), Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.)	No	0.17	0.04	0.37	11	Physiological (needs stratification)	Yes	12 hrs		No			94	88	99	11	89	80	95	11	86	25	97	11	188,955	132,600.00	330,000.00	11	143,525	78,375.00	182,089.00	11	Orthodox	Unknown		No		Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial)										May, June, July, August	Indeterminate		Hand			Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial)	No	Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial)
	Genevieve Walden, Cal Photos.	Annual agoseris	Aster family	Asteraceae	Agoseris	heterophylla	https://westernforbs.org/species/annual-agoseris-agoseris-heterophylla/	No		Yes	Yes	Unknown	Both infrataxa and genus	Yes	Annual	Short-lived (1-3 yrs)	Annual	Forb	Decumbent/prostrate/spreading, Erect/ascending	24	1			No	Yes		Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually)	Simple	Tap			AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, UT, WA		Distribution of annual agoseris (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1864-2018. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS.	Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Low sage, Sagebrush, Chaparral, Mountain brush, Oak woodlands, Dry forest, Mesic forest	7,550	0			Clay, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky	Fine			Deep, Moderate, Shallow	Present on both serpentine and non-serpentine soils.	Early	Fire, Grazing, Soil disturbance		Full sun	Head	2-10, 11-100, >100	Orange, Yellow	Perfect		Selfing, Outcrossing	Depending on variety, may be self-pollinating or self-incompatible.	Biotic (animal)	Bees	Achene	Determinate		Indehiscent	Fruit	Wind	Rapid		Early spring, Spring, Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer, Early fall	No	30 - 90 days	May, June, July, August	Fruit	Dry fruit, Hard seed, Pappus expanded	Brown, ridged	Insects	Insects and damage visible	Indeterminate			Moderate (1-3 wks)	Plucking, Stripping	Containers, Gloves		Dry thoroughly, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating	Avoid collecting stem material as it contains milky juice. Dry seeds immediately.	Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove seed appendages (i.e. pappus/ wings), Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.)	No	0.28	0.09	0.40	6	Physiological (needs stratification), Not dormant	No			No			97	88	99	6	97	95	99	6	95	92	98	6	557,273	308,564.00	731,600.00	6	336,716	206,581.00	531,100.00	6	Orthodox	Unknown	2.5 yrs	No										No				Poor				Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial)	No		Broadcast, Drill	Fall		Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches	Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots
	BLM ID 330 SOS.	Nakedstem sunray	Aster family	Asteraceae	Enceliopsis	nudicaulis	https://westernforbs.org/species/nakedstem-sunray-enceliopsis-nudicaulis/	No		Yes	Yes	Unknown		No	Perennial	Long-lived (4 or more yrs)		Forb	Erect/ascending	24	4			No	Yes	Alternate	Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually)	Simple	Tap			AZ, CA, CO, ID, NV, OR, UT		Distribution of nakedstem sunray (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1881-2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS.	Sagebrush, Warm desert, Pinyon-Juniper	7,600	2,300			Clay, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky	Rocky, gravelly, Fine	Alkaline, Saline		Deep	Often on rocky soils or hard, compacted clays that are poorly drained.				Full sun	Head	>100	Yellow	Perfect, Female (pistillate)	Ray flowers are pistillate but sterile, disk florets are perfect and fertile.	Outcrossing, Facultative apomictic				Achene	Indeterminate		Indehiscent	Fruit				Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer	No		May, June, July, August	Fruit, Infloresence	Dry fruit, Hard seed	Black with hairs	Birds	Insects and damage visible	Indeterminate		Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test, X-ray	Narrow (<1 wk), Moderate (1-3 wks)	Clipping, Swatting/beating	Clippers, Containers, Gloves, Racquets		Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating		Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.)	Yes	0.42	0.18	0.99	4	Not dormant	Yes	12 hrs		No			98	98	98	4	96	92	98	4	92	84	97	4	66,162	43,901.00	84,013.00	4	62,188	39,581.00	80,686.00	4		Unknown		Yes	Row cover, Sawdust, Other mulch	Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Seed coating (fungicide, fertilizer, etc.)	Drill	Fall, Late fall	20 - 30 PLS/ft	0.25-0.5		No	Unknown	Yes	One	July, August	Indeterminate	Poor	Hand, Vacuum harvester	24.6 (1.5 - 105) lbs/acre	>3		No	Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial)	Broadcast, Drill	Fall, Late fall		Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches	Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots
	M. Lavin, Montana State University.	Sagebrush false dandelion	Aster family	Asteraceae	Nothocalais	troximoides	https://westernforbs.org/species/nothocalais-troximoides-sagebrush-false-dandelion/			No	Yes	Rare	The genus (other species)	No	Perennial	Unknown		Forb	Decumbent/prostrate/spreading, Erect/ascending	18	2	24	4	No	Yes		Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually)	Simple	Tap			CA, ID, MT, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY, BC		Distribution of sagebrush false dandelion (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1876-2016 (dates not available for all points). Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USGS.	Semi-desert grasslands, Sagebrush, Pinyon-Juniper, Oak woodlands, Dry forest	8,763	160			Clay, Silt, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky	Rocky, gravelly, Medium	Neutral, Alkaline		Deep, Moderate, Shallow	Often grows on shallow, rocky soils derived from basalt or rhyolite with soils that may be saturated in winter and spring and subject to frost heaving.	Pioneer, Early, Mid, Late (climax)	Fire, Soil disturbance	Plants may tolerate fall burns but be sensitive to spring burning. Roots are used by pocket gophers. Seeds are used by sage-grouse.	Full sun	Head	11-100	Orange, Yellow	Perfect			Pollination of the species has not been studied.			Achene	Indeterminate	Flowering and fruit ripening are fairly uniform within seed heads, but vary among seed heads within individual plants and among plants in a population.	Indehiscent	Fruit	Animals, Gravity, Wind	Moderate	Dispersal rate varies with local wind speeds.	Early spring, Spring, Late spring, Early summer	No	About 2 months.	May, June, July	Fruit	Dry fruit, Hard seed, Pappus expanded, Straw, brown colored stems	Beige to light brown	Weevils, Birds	Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Mold or disease visible, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed	Indeterminate	Ripening is variable within and among plants., but uniform within seed heads.	Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test, X-ray	Moderate (1-3 wks)	Plucking	Containers, Dust masks, Gloves		Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating	Remove vegetative material, which contains milky juice, and dry the seeds promptly to avoid molding.	Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove seed appendages (i.e. pappus/ wings), Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.)	No	0.36	0.13	0.64	51	Not dormant	No			No			98	92	99	51	90	70	99	51	93	88	97	16	166,524	77,538.00	396,572.00	51	162,056	71,538.00	396,572.00	16	Orthodox	Unknown		No										Yes						150 lbs/acre			No
	USFS	Aspen fleabane	Aster family	Asteraceae	Erigeron	speciosus	https://westernforbs.org/species/aspen-fleabane-erigeron-speciosus/	No		No	Yes	Common	The genus (other species)	Yes	Perennial	Long-lived (4 or more yrs)	Decades	Forb	Erect/ascending, Rhizomatous	40	6			Yes	Yes	Alternate	Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually)	Simple	Tap and fibrous			AZ, CO, ID, KS, MT, NM, NV, OR, SD, TX, UT, WA, WY, AB, BC, MX - BN, MX - SO		Distribution of aspen fleabane (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1870-2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USGS.	Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Sagebrush, Riparian, Mountain brush, Aspen, Dry forest, Mesic forest, Subalpine, alpine	11,200	2,000	25	16	Clay, Silt, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky	Coarse	Neutral, Alkaline	Aspen fleabane is found on dry to moist sites with well-drained sandy, gravelly, or clay-loam calcareous or non-calcareous soils	Deep, Moderate		Pioneer, Early, Mid, Late (climax)	Fire	Often reduced by grazing	Full sun, Partial sun	Head	11-100, >100	Blue, Pink, Purple, White	Perfect, Female (pistillate)	Disk flowers are perfect and fertile. Ray flowers are pistillate and fertile.	Outcrossing	Support generalist and specialist bee species.	Biotic (animal)	Bees, Beetles, Butterflies, Flies, Moths, Wasps	Achene	Determinate and indeterminate	Seed heads at the top of the plant may mature before those lower on the plant. Seeds within a seed head flower somewhat uniformly. Maturation may vary among plants in a population.	Indehiscent	Fruit	Gravity, Wind	Slow		Early summer, Summer, Late summer, Early fall, Fall	No	30 - 60	July, August, September, October, November	Fruit, Infloresence	Dry fruit, Hard seed, Pappus expanded	Straw, golden	Insects	Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit	Determinate, Indeterminate	Rather uniform within the seed head. Varies among seed heads within a plant and among plants in a population.	Cut test (individual seed or seedhead)	Long (>3 wks)	Clipping, Plucking	Clippers, Containers, Gloves		Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating		Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove seed appendages (i.e. pappus/ wings), Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.)	Yes	0.14	0.03	0.32	23	Physiological (needs stratification), Not dormant	Yes		Family	Yes	16+ days	Species	95	75	99	23	94	80	99	23	94	79	98	17	2,451,669	1,064,788.00	3,600,000.00	23	2,249,218	1,439,775.00	3,080,160.00	17		Yes	many	Yes			Drill	Fall			No			Yes	One			Good			>3		Yes		Drill	Fall	<0.25, 0.25-0.5	Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches	Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots
	USDI BLM SOS NM930	Prairie sunflower	Aster family	Asteraceae	Helianthus	petiolaris				Yes	Yes	Common	The genus (other species)	No	Annual	Short-lived (1-3 yrs)	Annual plant.	Forb	Erect/ascending	78	16			Yes	Sometimes	Alternate	Annual plant	Simple	Tap			AK, AZ, CA, CO, DC, DE, IA, ID, IL, IN, KS, MD, MI, MN, MO, MT, ND, NE, NJ, NM, NV, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, TX, UT, VA, WA, WI, WV, WY, AB, MB, ON, SK		Distribution of prairie sunflower (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1842-2023. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Interactive maps, legends, and a mobile app are available (https://www.fs.usda.gov/wwetac/Seedzonemapping.php). Map prepared by Sarah Barga and Benton Spendlove USFS RMRS.	Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Salt desert, Sagebrush, Warm desert, Riparian, Pinyon-Juniper, Dry forest	8,200	30	24	8	Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky	Medium		Described as non-salt tolerant, but also occurs in salt desert shrublands	Deep, Moderate	Deep sandy soils and active sand dunes are common habitats.	Pioneer, Early	Fire, Grazing, Soil disturbance	Commonly associated with early seral conditions and disturbed sites. Commonly occurs in abandoned agricultural fields, burned areas and heavily-grazed sites.	Full sun, Partial sun	Head	>100	Yellow, Brown	Perfect	Ray flowers are sterile, disk flowers are perfect.	Outcrossing	Flowers are obligate outcrossing.	Biotic (animal)	Bees, Insects, Wasps	Achene	Indeterminate	Flowers within a head are determinate. Flowering is indeterminate within and among plants in a population.	Indehiscent	Fruit	Animals, Gravity	Slow	Dispersal can occur over as much as 3 or 4 months.	Spring, Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer	No	40	July, August, September, October	Infloresence	Dehiscing (splitting) fruit, Dry fruit, Hard seed	Gray with darker streaks.	Insects, Rodents, Birds, Livestock, Native ungulates	Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed	Determinate, Indeterminate	Ripening within heads is determinate, but indeterminate within and among plants in a population.	Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test, X-ray	Long (>3 wks)	Clipping	Clippers, Dust masks, Gloves, Goggles, Hoppers		Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating		Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Break apart fruit structures to extract individual seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.)	No	0.22	0.06	0.42	17	Physiological (needs stratification), Physical (needs scarification), Unknown	Yes	2 days	Genus	Yes	7 days	Species	96	78	99	17	91	73	98	17	96	91	98	15	162,626	74,000.00	284,550.00	17	144,109	71,062.00	206,906.00	15	Orthodox	Unknown	Viability up to 20 years when stored in a jsr at 68-72F and ~22% RH.	Yes				Spring					Unknown	Yes	One	June, July, August, September, October		Good		1500 lbs/acre (not indicated whether this was bulk or cleaned)	1-2		Yes