Quick Lookup Table
How to use this Lookup Table
This table allows you to search and filter for forb species with certain attributes. Most columns can be filtered using the second row of the table. Information is grouped into categories indicated and color coded according to graphic below.
Clicking on any row will bring up the entirety of data available for the species including a photo and distribution map of the species, descriptions for many of the yes/no columns, a link back to the complete species review, and more.
Empty cells indicate a lack of this information currently or as of the posting of the species' review.
Species Image | Common name | Plant family (Scientific) | Plant family (Common) | Genus | Species | Authority | More information | Recent scientific name change? | Alternate scientific name | Subtaxa? | Hybridization? | Degree of hybridization | Polyploid? | Hybridizes within | Life cycle | Longevity | Growth form | Growth habit | Max height at maturity (in) | Min height at maturity (in) | Max width at maturity (in) | Min width at maturity (in) | Stem leaves | Basal leaves | Leaf arrangement | Leaf persistence | Leaf type | Root system | Max root depth (in) | Max root width (in) | Occurrence | Occurrence map | Map description | Major plant associations | Max elevation (ft) | Min elevation (ft) | Max precipitation (in) | Min precipitation (in) | Soil texture | Soil pH, salinity | Soil depth | Successional status | Disturbance tolerance | Light requirement | Inflorescence | Inflorescence type | Flowers per inflorescence | Inflorescence length | Inflorescence width | Individual flower color | Breeding system | Other breeding system | Pollination type | Pollination agent | Animal pollinators | Fruit description | Flowering and fruit ripening pattern | Dehiscence | Dispersal unit | Dispersal agent | Dispersal rate | Flowering phenology | More than one flowering event possible in a single growing season (e.g. flowers in spring and again in fall)? | Date of fruit maturation | Structure collected | Maturation indicators | Common seed predators | Characteristics of damaged, low quality fruit/seed | Uniformity of ripening | Quick tests of seed fill/quality | Harvest window duration | Wildland harvest method(s) | Wildland harvest equipment | Post-harvest management | General seed cleaning procedure | Seed cleaning protocol available? | Average clean-out ratio (clean/rough) | Clean-out ratio (min) | Clean-out ratio (max) | Clean-out ratio (n) | Seed dormancy type | AOSA test for viability? | Time required to test viability | AOSA test for germination? | Time required to test germination | Average purity (%) | Purity (min %) | Purity (max %) | Purity sample size (n) | Average fill (%) | Fill (min %) | Fill (max %) | Fill sample size (n) | Average viability (%) | Viability (min %) | Viability (max %) | Viability sample size (n) | Average bulk seeds/lb | Bulk seeds/lb (min) | Bulk seeds/lb (max) | Bulk seeds/lb sample size (n) | Average pure live seeds (PLS)/lb | PLS (min) | PLS (max) | PLS sample size (n) | Seed type | Cold storage required? | Seed production research conducted? | Soil protective measures | Treatments to enhance germination (Seed Production) | Method (equipment) | Seeding date | Seeding depth (in) | Fertilization increase seed yield? | Irrigation increase seed yield? | Managed pollinators effective? | Known agricultural pests/diseases? | Plant age (yr) at first harvest | Harvest date | Seed ripening pattern | Seed retention | Harvesting method/equipment | Stand life (yrs) | Treatments to enhance germination (Nursery) | Wildland protocols available | Treatments to enhance germination (Wildland Seeding) | Wildland Seeding Machinery | Seeding Date | Seeding Depth (in) | Seed mix | Planting seedlings used to | |||||||||
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Species Image | Common name | Plant family (Scientific) | Plant family (Common) | Genus | Species | Authority | More information | Recent scientific name change? | Alternate scientific name | Subtaxa? | Hybridization? | Degree of hybridization | Polyploid? | Hybridizes within | Life cycle | Longevity | Longevity description | Growth form | Growth habit | Max height at maturity (in) | Min height at maturity (in) | Max width at maturity (in) | Min width at maturity (in) | Stem leaves | Basal leaves | Leaf arrangement | Leaf persistence | Leaf type | Root system | Max root depth (in) | Max root width (in) | Occurrence | Occurrence map | Map description | Major plant associations | Max elevation (ft) | Min elevation (ft) | Max precipitation (in) | Min precipitation (in) | Soil texture | Soil pH, salinity | Soil depth | Soil description | Successional status | Disturbance tolerance | Disturbance tolerance description | Light requirement | Inflorescence | Inflorescence type | Flowers per inflorescence | Inflorescence length | Inflorescence width | Individual flower color | Breeding system | Other breeding system | Pollination type | Pollination description | Pollination agent | Animal pollinators | Fruit description | Flowering and fruit ripening pattern | Dehiscence | Dispersal unit | Dispersal agent | Dispersal rate | Flowering phenology | More than one flowering event possible in a single growing season (e.g. flowers in spring and again in fall)? | Time from flowering to fruit maturation (days) | Date of fruit maturation | Structure collected | Maturation indicators | Common seed predators | Characteristics of damaged, low quality fruit/seed | Uniformity of ripening | Quick tests of seed fill/quality | Harvest window duration | Wildland harvest method(s) | Wildland harvest equipment | Wildland harvest rate | Post-harvest management | General seed cleaning procedure | Seed cleaning protocol available? | Average clean-out ratio (clean/rough) | Clean-out ratio (min) | Clean-out ratio (max) | Clean-out ratio (n) | Seed dormancy type | AOSA test for viability? | Time required to test viability | AOSA test for germination? | Time required to test germination | Average purity (%) | Purity (min %) | Purity (max %) | Purity sample size (n) | Average fill (%) | Fill (min %) | Fill (max %) | Fill sample size (n) | Average viability (%) | Viability (min %) | Viability (max %) | Viability sample size (n) | Average bulk seeds/lb | Bulk seeds/lb (min) | Bulk seeds/lb (max) | Bulk seeds/lb sample size (n) | Average pure live seeds (PLS)/lb | PLS (min) | PLS (max) | PLS sample size (n) | Seed type | Cold storage required? | Longevity (yrs) | Seed production research conducted? | Soil protective measures | Treatments to enhance germination (Seed Production) | Method (equipment) | Seeding date | Seeding rate with units | Seeding depth (in) | Fertilization increase seed yield? | Irrigation increase seed yield? | Managed pollinators effective? | Known agricultural pests/diseases? | Plant age (yr) at first harvest | Harvest date | Seed ripening pattern | Seed retention | Harvesting method/equipment | Seed yield (average and range) | Stand life (yrs) | Treatments to enhance germination (Nursery) | Wildland protocols available | Treatments to enhance germination (Wildland Seeding) | Wildland Seeding Machinery | Seeding Date | Seeding Depth (in) | Seed mix | Planting seedlings used to |
Nineleaf biscuitroot | Carrot family | Lomatium | triternatum | Yes | No | None | Yes | Perennial | Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | Forb | Erect/ascending | 32 | 8 | Yes | Deciduous | Compound | Tap | CA, CO, ID, MT, NV, NM, OR, UT, WA, WY, AB, BC | Distribution of nineleaf biscuitroot (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1881-2016 (CPNWH 2017; SEINet 2017; USDI USGS 2017). Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) (Bower et al. 2014) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines) (Omernik 1987; USDI EPA 2018). Interactive maps, legends, and a mobile app are available (USFS WWETAC 2017; www.fs.fed.us/wwetac/threat-map/TRMSeedZoneMapper2.php?). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS | Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Low sage, Sagebrush, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Dry forest, Mesic forest, Subalpine, Alpine | 10,000 | 660 | 25 | 8 | Neutral, Slightly acidic, Slightly alkaline | Deep, Moderate | Nineleaf biscuitroot commonly grows in relatively neutral (6.5–8.8 pH), well-drained or dry, rocky soils, but also occurs on soils of medium to fine texture. | Mid, Late (climax) | Nineleaf buiscuitroot's above-ground growth structure and phenology make it drought, grazing, and fire tolerant. | Full sun | Umbel | 11-100, >100 | up to 7 inches | Yellow | Outcrossing | Bees represented eight genera, predominantly pollen specialists: 51% mini-mining bees (Micrandrena spp., an Andrena subgenus), 32% nonsocial, ground-nesting, mining bees, 0.7% small carpenter bees (Ceratina spp.), 4% sweat bees (Halictus spp.), 8% sweat bees (Lasioglossum spp.), 2% cuckoo bees. | Biotic (animal) | Bees | Schizocarp | Indehiscent | Fruit | Gravity | Moderate | No | 48 - 89 | Fruit, Infloresence | Dry fruit, Hard seed | Aphids, Rodents | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Indeterminate | Fingernail pressure test, X-ray | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Stripping, Swatting/beating | Containers, Gloves, Paddles, Racquets | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.70 | 0.10 | 0.80 | Physiological (needs stratification), Morphological (needs afterripening) | No | 18 hrs | No | Up to 9 weeks of stratification may be required | 92.00 | 66 | 99 | 26 | 87.00 | 50 | 98 | 26 | 88 | 59 | 98 | 25 | 50,464.00 | 32,000.00 | 87,000.00 | 26 | 38,740.00 | 14,807.00 | 73,602.00 | 25 | Intermediate | Yes | 20+ | Yes | Row cover, Weed fabric, Sawdust | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Drill | Fall, Late fall | 20-30 PLS/ft (drilling). Holes in weed barrier fabric spaced 18-24 inches apart. | <0.25, 0.25-0.5, 0.5-1 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Two, Three, Four | June, July | Determinate, Indeterminate | Moderate | Hand, Mechanical | 1,213 lbs/acre (28 - 3,196 lbs/acre) on experimental plots | >3 | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Yes | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Broadcast, Drill | Fall, Late fall | <0.25 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bigseed biscuitroot | Carrot family | Lomatium | macrocarpum | No | No | None | No | Perennial | Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | Forb | Erect/ascending | 24 | 4 | Yes | Yes | Alternate, Opposite | Deciduous | Compound | Tap | 36 | CA, CO, ID, MT, ND, NV, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY, AB, BC, MB, SK | Distribution of bigseed biscuitroot (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1833–2016 (CPNWH 2017; SEINet 2017; USDI USGS 2017). Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) (Bower et al. 2014) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines) (Omernik 1987; USDI EPA 2018). Interactive maps, legends, and a mobile app are available (USFS WWETAC 2017; www.fs.fed.us/wwetac/threat-map/TRMSeedZoneMapper2.php?). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Sagebrush, Chaparral, Pinyon-Juniper, Oak woodlands, Dry forest | 9,840 | 490 | 20 | 8 | Shallow | Bigseed biscuitroot commonly grows in dry, shallow, gravelly or rocky lithosols. It is also found on serpentine and basaltic talus soils. | Mid, Late (climax) | Tolerates dormant season fires. | Full sun | Umbel | >100 | < 6 inches | Pink, White, Yellow | Outcrossing | Biotic (animal) | Butterflies, Flies, Moths | Schizocarp | Indehiscent | Fruit | Gravity | Moderate | No | approx. 61-86 | Fruit | Dry fruit, Hard seed | Aphids | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Determinate | Fingernail pressure test | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Clipping, Stripping, Swatting/beating | Clippers, Containers, Gloves | Collection can be moderately time consuming as the flowering stems are often less than 1 foot tall. | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | No | 0.53 | 0.06 | 0.70 | Physiological (needs stratification) | No | Use test for the Apiaceae family. The test requires 20 to 32 hours. | No | Stratification for up to 90 days may be required. | 91.80 | 73 | 99 | 18 | 89.60 | 85 | 97 | 18 | 88 | 77 | 95 | 10 | 34,335.00 | 4,600.00 | 63,000.00 | 18 | 20,355.00 | 3,636.00 | 41,391.00 | 10 | Intermediate | Yes | No | Drill | Fall, Late fall | <0.25 | Yes | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Yes | Broadcast, Drill | Fall, Late fall | <0.25 | Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Barestem biscuitroot | Carrot family | Lomatium | nudicaule | https://westernforbs.org/species/barestem-biscuitroot-lomatium-nudicaule/ | No | No | None | No | Perennial | Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | Forb | Erect/ascending | 28 | 14 | No, Variable, few to none | Yes, Sometimes | Deciduous | Compound | Tap | 36 | CA, ID, NV, OR, UT, WA, BC | ![]() |
Distribution of barestem biscuitroot (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1881-2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). | Semi-desert grasslands, Low sage, Sagebrush, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Oak woodlands, Dry forest, Mesic forest, Subalpine, Alpine | 8,300 | 590 | 12 | Shallow | Often on low moisture-holding soils that are saturated in spring, but dry later. | Mid | Tolerates aboveground disturbance, but is susceptible to belowground herbivory or disturbances. | Full sun | Umbel | 11-100, >100 | 2 - 16 in | Yellow | Selfing, Outcrossing | Primarily outcrossing. | Biotic (animal) | Bees | Schizocarp | Indehiscent | Fruit | Animals, Gravity | Slow | No | 70 | Fruit | Dry fruit | Aphids, Livestock, Native ungulates | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Determinate | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test, Other | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Stripping | Containers, Gloves | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual seeds, Break apart fruit structures to extract individual seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.), Other | Yes | 0.63 | 0.21 | 0.91 | Physiological (needs stratification) | Yes | 40 hrs | No | 94.00 | 78 | 99 | 23 | 90.00 | 73 | 99 | 23 | 92 | 82 | 97 | 16 | 45,127.00 | 24,000.00 | 81,000.00 | 23 | 35,904.00 | 22,037.00 | 64,719.00 | 16 | Intermediate | Yes | 3+ yrs | Yes | Row cover, Sawdust | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Drill | Fall | 20 - 30 PLS/ft | 0.25-0.5 | Variable, Trial results provided | No | Yes | Three | June | Uniform | Good | Hand, Combine | 54 - 701 lbs/acre | >3 | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Yes | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Drill | Fall | 0.25-0.5 | Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches, Add to overall seed mix if drill seeding | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Gray’s biscuitroot | Carrot family | Lomatium | grayi | https://westernforbs.org/species/grays-biscuitroot-lomatium-grayi/ | No | Yes | No | None | No | Perennial | Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | 7+ yrs | Forb | Erect/ascending | 36 | 24 | No | Yes | Deciduous | Compound | Tap | 60 | CA, CO, ID, NV, NM, OR, UT, WA, WY, BC | ![]() |
Distribution of Gray’s biscuitroot (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1881-2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). | Semi-desert grasslands, Low sage, Sagebrush, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Oak woodlands, Dry forest, Subalpine, Alpine | 6,890 | 0 | 20 | 8 | Neutral, Slightly acidic, Alkaline, Slightly alkaline | Shallow | Can occur in ephemeral/intermittent streambeds, and on sites with fine subsoils. | Pioneer, Early | Little research has been done on non-herbivory disturbance, but heavy root-grazing often leads to steep decreases in survival. | Full sun | Umbel | 11-100, >100 | 1 - 6 in | Yellow | Outcrossing | Biotic (animal) | Bees, Flies | Schizocarp | Indehiscent | Fruit | Animals, Gravity | Slow | No | 5 - 8 wks | Fruit, Infloresence | Dry fruit, Hard seed, Straw, brown colored stems | Aphids, Weevils, Insects, Rodents, Livestock, Native ungulates | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Determinate | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test, Other | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Stripping | Containers, Gloves, Racquets | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Protect from overheating | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.46 | 0.24 | 0.79 | Physiological (needs stratification) | Yes | 64 hrs | Yes | 56 - 91 days | 94.00 | 85 | 99 | 9 | 76.00 | 52 | 95 | 9 | 86 | 73 | 96 | 8 | 46,461.00 | 26,000.00 | 56,000.00 | 9 | 38,636.00 | 21,965.00 | 48,272.00 | 8 | Orthodox | Yes | 3 - 4 yrs | Yes | Row cover, Weed fabric, Sawdust, Sand | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Drill | Fall | 20 - 30 PLS/linear ft | 0.25-0.5 | Trial results provided | Unknown | Yes | Two, Three | May, June, July | Determinate | Moderate | Hand, Mechanical, Combine, Vacuum harvester | 300 - 1200 lb/acre | >3 | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Yes | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Drill | Fall, Late fall, Winter, Early spring | 0.25-0.5 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Fernleaf biscuitroot | Carrot family | Lomatium | dissectum | https://westernforbs.org/species/fernleaf-biscuitroot-lomatium-dissectum/ | Yes | No | None | No | Perennial | Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | 10+ yrs | Forb | Erect/ascending | 60 | Yes | Yes | Deciduous | Compound | Tap | 24 | AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, NV, NM, OR, UT, WA, WY, AB, BC | ![]() |
Distribution of fernleaf biscuitroot (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1882-2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). | Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Low sage, Sagebrush, Riparian, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Oak woodlands, Aspen, Dry forest, Mesic forest | 10,700 | 490 | 12 | Neutral, Slightly acidic, Slightly alkaline | Moderate, Shallow | Mid, Late (climax) | Mostly tolerant, but sensitive to root feeding by rodents | Full sun, Partial sun | Umbel | 11-100, >100 | 2 - 6 in | 5 - 10 in | Green, Purple, Yellow | Outcrossing | Biotic (animal) | Bees | Schizocarp | Indehiscent | Fruit | Animals, Gravity | Moderate | No | 35-73 | Fruit, Infloresence | Dry fruit, Straw, brown colored stems | Aphids, Insects, Livestock, Native ungulates | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Determinate | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test, X-ray, Other | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Stripping, Swatting/beating | Containers, Gloves, Paddles, Racquets | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.49 | 0.07 | 0.81 | Physiological (needs stratification) | Yes | 40 hrs | Yes | 56 - 91 days | 92.00 | 75 | 99 | 25 | 84.00 | 56 | 95 | 25 | 89 | 54 | 97 | 21 | 31,687.00 | 3,660.00 | 66,704.00 | 25 | 25,245.00 | 1,739.00 | 54,679.00 | 21 | Orthodox | Yes | 3.5+ yrs | Yes | Row cover, Weed fabric, Sawdust | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Drill | Fall | 20 - 30 PLS/ ft | <0.25, 0.25-0.5 | Yes, Trial results provided | Yes | Yes | Three, Four | May, June | Determinate | Moderate | Hand, Mechanical, Vacuum harvester | 475 - 968.5 lbs/ acre | >3 | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Yes | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Drill | Fall | <0.25, 0.25-0.5 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Largeflower hawksbeard | Aster family | crepis | occidentalis | Yes | Yes | Common | Yes | The genus (other species) | Perennial | Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | Hawksbeard species are somewhat long-lived since they take 3 to 5 years to reach reproductive maturity | Forb | Erect/ascending | 16 | 3 | Yes | Yes | Deciduous | Simple | Tap | 8 | AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, ND, NV, NM, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY, BC, SK | Distribution of largeflower hawksbeard (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1865-2023 (CPNWH 2017; SEINet 2020; USDI USGS 2020). Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) (Bower et al. 2014) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines) (Omernik 1987; USDI EPA 2018). Interactive maps, legends, and a mobile app are available (USDA FS WWETAC 2017; www.fs.fed.us/wwetac/threat-map/TRMSeedZoneMapper2.php?). Map prepared by S. Barga and B. Bautch-Breitung, USDA Forest Service, RMRS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Salt Desert, Sagebrush, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Aspen, Dry forest | 9,020 | 2,000 | 18 | 12 | Deep | Largeflower hawksbeard often occupies well-drained sites with deep, rich soils, but it also grows on a variety of soil textures and soil depths. | Pioneer | Full sun | Head | 11-100 | Yellow | Outcrossing, Apomictic | Largeflower hawksbeard reproduces from seed, which is produced sexually in diploid plant forms and asexually through mostly or wholly apomixis in polyploid forms. Most apomictic forms produce some viable pollen. | Biotic (animal) | Bees | Achene | Indehiscent | Fruit | Wind | Moderate | No | Fruit | Dry fruit, Hard seed, Pappus expanded | Insects | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Indeterminate | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), X-ray | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Stripping, Swatting/beating | Containers, Gloves, Paddles, Racquets | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove seed appendages (i.e. pappus/ wings), Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.26 | 0.01 | 0.60 | Unknown | Yes | No | 99.00 | 93 | 99 | 28 | 88.00 | 70 | 99 | 28 | 92 | 75 | 98 | 26 | 112,997.00 | 83,300.00 | 152,000.00 | 28 | 96,200.00 | 72,721.00 | 131,085.00 | 26 | Orthodox | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Arrowleaf balsamroot | Aster family | Balsamorhiza | sagittata | https://westernforbs.org/species/arrowleaf-balsamroot-balsamorhiza-sagittata/ | No | No | Yes | Common | No | The genus (other species) | Perennial | Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | 40+ years | Forb | Erect/ascending | 30 | Yes | Alternate | Deciduous | Simple | Tap | 108 | AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, ND, NV, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY, AB, BC | ![]() |
Distribution of arrowleaf balsamroot (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1870-2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). | Semi-desert grasslands, Low sage, Sagebrush, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Aspen, Dry forest | 9,850 | 330 | 25 | 9 | Neutral, Slightly acidic, Slightly alkaline | Deep | well-drained | Pioneer, Early, Mid, Late (climax) | Full sun | Head, Solitary | 11-100, >100 | 2.5 - 4 in | Yellow | Selfing, Outcrossing | Seed production is improved with cross-pollination | Biotic (animal), Abiotic (wind, water) | Bees | Achene | Indehiscent | Fruit | Gravity | Slow | No | 48-98 | Fruit, Infloresence | Dry fruit, Hard seed | Lygus bugs, Insects, Rodents, Birds, Livestock, Native ungulates | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Determinate | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test, X-ray | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Clipping, Plucking, Swatting/beating, Mechanical (extensive monocultures) | Clippers, Containers, Gloves, Hoppers, Paddles | 150 lbs by 2 or 3 people over 2 or 3 days | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.22 | 0.01 | 0.79 | Physiological (needs stratification), Morphological (needs afterripening) | Yes | Yes | 84 days | 98.00 | 89 | 99 | 63 | 85.00 | 45 | 97 | 63 | 94 | 79 | 98 | 50 | 49,608.00 | 23,000.00 | 80,710.00 | 63 | 44,696.00 | 21,404.00 | 63,160.00 | 50 | Orthodox | Yes | 5-7 yrs. cold storage is recommended | Yes | Row cover, Sawdust | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Afterripening | Drill, Hilling | Fall, Late fall | 20 PLS/linear ft or 4-5 PLS/hill | 0.5-1 | Variable | Yes | Yes | Three, Four, Five | May, June, July, August | Uniform | Moderate | Hand, Mechanical, Combine | 75-125 lbs/acre at 90% purity | >3 | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Afterripening | Yes | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Afterripening | Drill | Fall, Late fall | 0.5-1, >1 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | |||||||||||||||||||||
Bigflower agoseris | Aster family | Agoseris | grandiflora | Yes | Yes | Rare | No | The genus (other species) | Perennial | Short-lived (1-3 yrs) | Bigflower agoseris is a short-lived, colonizing species | Forb | Erect/ascending | 33 | 32 | 8 | No | Yes | Deciduous | Simple | Tap | CA, ID, MT, NV, OR, UT, WA, BC | Semi-desert grasslands, Sagebrush, Chaparral, Pinyon-Juniper, Dry forest | 8,200 | 30 | 29 | 12 | Neutral, Slightly acidic, Slightly alkaline | Deep, Moderate, Shallow | Bigflower agoseris tolerates a broad range of soil types | Pioneer, Early | Full sun | Head | 11-100, >100 | 2 in | Yellow | Outcrossing | Biotic (animal) | Insects | Achene | Indehiscent | Fruit | Wind | Moderate | No | Fruit, Infloresence | Dry fruit, Hard seed, Pappus expanded | Insects | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Mold or disease visible, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Indeterminate | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), X-ray | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Clipping, Plucking | Clippers, Containers, Gloves, Paddles, Racquets | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove seed appendages (i.e. pappus/ wings), Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.39 | 0.29 | 0.57 | Not dormant | No | 2 days using the AOSA guidelines for Asteraceae | No | 98.00 | 95 | 99 | 9 | 93.00 | 87 | 99 | 9 | 95 | 85 | 98 | 8 | 506,834.00 | 348,112.00 | 761,073.00 | 9 | 486,438.00 | 330,915.00 | 723,476.00 | 8 | Orthodox | At least 5 years at 40C (moisture content not stated) | Yes | Weed fabric | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Drill | Fall, Late fall, Winter, Early spring, Spring | 4 PLS pounds/acre | <0.25, 0.25-0.5 | Yes | One | June, July, August, September | Indeterminate | Hand, Vacuum harvester, Collect from paper | 400 lbs/acre (stand established from plugs) | 1-2 | Yes | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Broadcast, Drill | Fall, Late fall | <0.25, 0.25-0.5 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pale agoseris | Aster family | Agoseris | glauca | Yes | Yes | None | Yes | Perennial | Short-lived (1-3 yrs) | Forb | Erect/ascending | 24 | 24 | 2 | No | Yes | Alternate | Deciduous | Simple | Tap | 24 | AK, AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, ND, NV, NM, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY, AB, BC, MB, ON, SK | Distribution of pale agoseris (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1881–2016 (CPNWH 2023; SEINet 2023; USDI USGS 2020). Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) (Bower et al. 2014) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines) (Omernik 1987; USDI EPA 2018). Interactive maps, legends, and a mobile app are available (USDA FS WWETAC 2017; www.fs.fed.us/wwetac/threat-map/TRMSeedZoneMapper2.php?). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Sagebrush, Riparian, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Oak woodlands, Aspen, Dry forest, Mesic forest, Subalpine, Alpine | 12,500 | 399 | 5 | Slightly alkaline, Slightly saline | Deep, Moderate, Shallow | Pale agoseris is considered very adaptable, growing in many variations of soils and moisture conditions | Pioneer, Early, Mid, Late (climax) | Plant abundance tends to decrease with sheep grazing and increase with cattle grazing | Full sun | Head | 11-100, >100 | up to 2 inches | Yellow | Outcrossing | Biotic (animal) | Bees, Butterflies, Flies, Wasps | Achene | Indehiscent | Fruit | Wind | Rapid | No | Fruit, Infloresence | Dry fruit, Hard seed, Pappus expanded | Insects, Diseases (fungi) | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Mold or disease visible, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Determinate | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), X-ray | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Plucking, Swatting/beating | Clippers, Containers, Gloves, Hoppers, Paddles, Racquets | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove seed appendages (i.e. pappus/ wings), Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.19 | 0.02 | 0.62 | Physiological (needs stratification), Not dormant | Yes | 1-2 days (test is for the Asteraceae) | No | 96.00 | 90 | 99 | 32 | 92.00 | 62 | 99 | 32 | 92 | 85 | 97 | 12 | 195,767.00 | 96,300.00 | 266,800.00 | 32 | 160,511.00 | 92,477.00 | 209,328.00 | 12 | Orthodox | No | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Drill | Fall, Late fall | Yes | Yes | May, June, July, August, September | Determinate | Poor | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | No | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Broadcast, Drill | Fall, Late fall | 0.25-0.5, 0.5-1 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots |
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