Quick Lookup Table
How to use this Lookup Table
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This table allows you to search and filter for forb species with certain attributes. Most columns can be filtered using the second row of the table. Information is grouped into categories indicated and color coded according to graphic below.
Clicking on any row will bring up the entirety of data available for the species including a photo and distribution map of the species, descriptions for many of the yes/no columns, a link back to the complete species review, and more.
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Species Image | Image credit | Common name | Plant family (Scientific) | Plant family (Common) | Genus | Species | More information | Recent scientific name change? | Alternate scientific name | Subtaxa? | Hybridization? | Degree of hybridization | Hybridizes within | Polyploid? | Life cycle | Longevity | Growth form | Growth habit | Max height at maturity (in) | Min height at maturity (in) | Max width at maturity (in) | Min width at maturity (in) | Stem leaves | Basal leaves | Leaf arrangement | Leaf persistence | Leaf type | Root system | Max root depth (in) | Max root spread (in) | Occurrence | Occurrence map | Map description | Major plant associations | Max elevation (ft) | Min elevation (ft) | Max precipitation (in) | Min precipitation (in) | Soil texture range | Predominant soil texture | Soil pH, salinity, sodicity | Description of soil pH, salinity, sodicity | Soil depth | Successional status | Disturbance tolerance | Light requirement | Inflorescence type | Flowers per inflorescence | Individual flower color | Flower type | Flower type details | Pollination type | Pollination agent | Animal pollinators | Fruit description | Plant flowering and fruit ripening pattern | Description of flowering and fruit ripening pattern | Dehiscence | Dispersal unit | Dispersal agent | Dispersal rate | Description of seed dispersal and rate | Flowering phenology (location dependent) | More than one flowering event possible in a single growing season (e.g. flowers in spring and again in fall)? | Date of fruit maturation (location dependent) | Structure collected | Maturation indicators | Seed color | Common seed predators | Characteristics of damaged, low quality fruit/seed | Uniformity of ripening | Description of fruit ripening (within and among plants) | Quick tests of seed fill/quality | Harvest window duration | Wildland harvest method(s) | Wildland harvest equipment | Post-harvest management | Special post-harvest management notes | General seed cleaning procedure | Seed cleaning protocol available? | Average clean-out ratio (clean/rough) | Clean-out ratio (min) | Clean-out ratio (max) | Clean-out ratio (number of samples) | Seed dormancy type | AOSA protocol for evaluating viability? | Time required to test viability | Viability protocol is for the: | AOSA test for germination? | Time required to test germination | Germination test is for the: | Average purity (%) | Purity (min %) | Purity (max %) | Purity sample size (n) | Average fill (%) | Fill (min %) | Fill (max %) | Fill sample size (n) | Average viability (%) | Viability (min %) | Viability (max %) | Viability sample size (n) | Average bulk seeds/lb | Bulk seeds/lb (min) | Bulk seeds/lb (max) | Bulk seeds/lb sample size (n) | Average pure live seeds (PLS)/lb | PLS (min) | PLS (max) | PLS sample size (n) | Seed type | Cold storage required? | Seed production research conducted? | Soil protective measures | Treatments to enhance germination (Seed Production) | Method (equipment) | Seeding date | Seeding depth (in) | Does fertilization increase seed yield? | Irrigation increase seed yield? | Managed pollinators effective? | Known agricultural pests/diseases? | Plant age (yr) at first harvest | Harvest date | Seed ripening pattern | Seed retention | Harvesting method/equipment | Stand life (yrs) | Treatments to enhance germination (Nursery) | Wildland protocols available | Treatments to enhance germination (Wildland Seeding) | Wildland Seeding Machinery | Seeding Date | Seeding Depth (in) | Seed mix | Planting seedlings used to | |||||||||
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Species Image | Image credit | Common name | Plant family (Scientific) | Plant family (Common) | Genus | Species | More information | Recent scientific name change? | Alternate scientific name | Subtaxa? | Hybridization? | Degree of hybridization | Hybridizes within | Polyploid? | Life cycle | Longevity | Longevity description | Growth form | Growth habit | Max height at maturity (in) | Min height at maturity (in) | Max width at maturity (in) | Min width at maturity (in) | Stem leaves | Basal leaves | Leaf arrangement | Leaf persistence | Leaf type | Root system | Max root depth (in) | Max root spread (in) | Occurrence | Occurrence map | Map description | Major plant associations | Max elevation (ft) | Min elevation (ft) | Max precipitation (in) | Min precipitation (in) | Soil texture range | Predominant soil texture | Soil pH, salinity, sodicity | Description of soil pH, salinity, sodicity | Soil depth | Soil description | Successional status | Disturbance tolerance | Disturbance tolerance description | Light requirement | Inflorescence type | Flowers per inflorescence | Individual flower color | Flower type | Flower type details | Pollination type | Pollination description | Pollination agent | Animal pollinators | Fruit description | Plant flowering and fruit ripening pattern | Description of flowering and fruit ripening pattern | Dehiscence | Dispersal unit | Dispersal agent | Dispersal rate | Description of seed dispersal and rate | Flowering phenology (location dependent) | More than one flowering event possible in a single growing season (e.g. flowers in spring and again in fall)? | Time from flowering to fruit maturation (days) | Date of fruit maturation (location dependent) | Structure collected | Maturation indicators | Seed color | Common seed predators | Characteristics of damaged, low quality fruit/seed | Uniformity of ripening | Description of fruit ripening (within and among plants) | Quick tests of seed fill/quality | Harvest window duration | Wildland harvest method(s) | Wildland harvest equipment | Wildland harvest rate | Post-harvest management | Special post-harvest management notes | General seed cleaning procedure | Seed cleaning protocol available? | Average clean-out ratio (clean/rough) | Clean-out ratio (min) | Clean-out ratio (max) | Clean-out ratio (number of samples) | Seed dormancy type | AOSA protocol for evaluating viability? | Time required to test viability | Viability protocol is for the: | AOSA test for germination? | Time required to test germination | Germination test is for the: | Average purity (%) | Purity (min %) | Purity (max %) | Purity sample size (n) | Average fill (%) | Fill (min %) | Fill (max %) | Fill sample size (n) | Average viability (%) | Viability (min %) | Viability (max %) | Viability sample size (n) | Average bulk seeds/lb | Bulk seeds/lb (min) | Bulk seeds/lb (max) | Bulk seeds/lb sample size (n) | Average pure live seeds (PLS)/lb | PLS (min) | PLS (max) | PLS sample size (n) | Seed type | Cold storage required? | Longevity (yrs) | Seed production research conducted? | Soil protective measures | Treatments to enhance germination (Seed Production) | Method (equipment) | Seeding date | Seeding rate with units | Seeding depth (in) | Does fertilization increase seed yield? | Irrigation increase seed yield? | Managed pollinators effective? | Known agricultural pests/diseases? | Plant age (yr) at first harvest | Harvest date | Seed ripening pattern | Seed retention | Harvesting method/equipment | Seed yield (average and range) | Stand life (yrs) | Treatments to enhance germination (Nursery) | Wildland protocols available | Treatments to enhance germination (Wildland Seeding) | Wildland Seeding Machinery | Seeding Date | Seeding Depth (in) | Seed mix | Planting seedlings used to |
BLM OR014 SOS. | Nineleaf biscuitroot | Apiaceae | Carrot family | Lomatium | triternatum | https://westernforbs.org/species/nineleaf-biscuitroot-lomatium-triternatum/ | Yes | No | None | Yes | Perennial | Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | Forb | Erect/ascending | 32 | 8 | Yes | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Compound | Tap | CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY, AB, BC | Distribution of nineleaf biscuitroot (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1881-2016. . Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Low sage, Sagebrush, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Dry forest, Mesic forest | 10,000 | 660 | 25 | 8 | Clay, Silt, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Rocky, gravelly, Coarse | Neutral, Acidic, Alkaline | pH of 6.5 to 8 reported. | Deep, Moderate | Nineleaf biscuitroot commonly grows in relatively neutral (6.5–8.8 pH), well-drained or dry, rocky soils, but also occurs on soils of medium to fine texture. | Mid, Late (climax) | Fire, Grazing | Nineleaf buiscuitroot's above-ground growth structure and phenology make it drought, grazing, and fire tolerant. | Full sun | Umbel | 11-100, >100 | Yellow | Perfect, Male (staminate) | In general, flowers on longer rays are perfect, while those on shorter rays are male. | Outcrossing | Bees represented eight genera, predominantly pollen specialists: 51% mini-mining bees (Micrandrena spp., an Andrena subgenus), 32% nonsocial, ground-nesting, mining bees, 0.7% small carpenter bees (Ceratina spp.), 4% sweat bees (Halictus spp.), 8% sweat bees (Lasioglossum spp.), 2% cuckoo bees. | Biotic (animal) | Bees | Schizocarp | Determinate and indeterminate | Indehiscent | Fruit | Gravity | Moderate | Spring, Late spring, Early summer | No | 48 - 89 | May, June, July, August, September | Fruit, Infloresence | Dry fruit, Hard seed | Wings parchment colored, center with brown or black stripes | Aphids, Rodents | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Indeterminate | Fingernail pressure test, X-ray | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Stripping, Swatting/beating | Containers, Gloves, Paddles, Racquets | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.70 | 0.10 | 0.80 | 26 | Physiological (needs stratification), Morphological (needs afterripening) | No | 18 hrs | No | Up to 9 weeks of stratification may be required | 92.00 | 66 | 99 | 26 | 87.00 | 50 | 98 | 26 | 88 | 59 | 98 | 25 | 50,464.00 | 32,000.00 | 87,000.00 | 26 | 38,740.00 | 14,807.00 | 73,602.00 | 25 | Intermediate | Yes | 20+ | Yes | Row cover, Weed fabric, Sawdust | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Drill | Fall, Late fall | 20-30 PLS/ft (drilling). Holes in weed barrier fabric spaced 18-24 inches apart. | <0.25, 0.25-0.5, 0.5-1 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Two, Three, Four | June, July | Determinate, Indeterminate | Moderate | Hand, Mechanical | 1,213 lbs/acre (28 - 3,196 lbs/acre) on experimental plots | >3 | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Yes | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Broadcast, Drill | Fall, Late fall | <0.25 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | ||||||||||||||||||||
BLM OR014 SOS. | Bigseed biscuitroot | Apiaceae | Carrot family | Lomatium | macrocarpum | https://westernforbs.org/species/bigseed-biscuitroot-lomatium-macrocarpum/ | No | No | None | No | Perennial | Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | Forb | Erect/ascending | 24 | 4 | Yes | Yes | Alternate, Opposite | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Compound | Tap | 36 | CA, CO, ID, MT, ND, NV, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY, AB, BC, MB, SK | Distribution of bigseed biscuitroot (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1833–2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Sagebrush, Chaparral, Pinyon-Juniper, Oak woodlands, Dry forest | 9,840 | 490 | 20 | 8 | Silt, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Rocky, gravelly, Coarse | Shallow | Bigseed biscuitroot commonly grows in dry, shallow, gravelly or rocky lithosols. It is also found on serpentine and basaltic talus soils. | Mid, Late (climax) | Fire | Tolerates dormant season fires. | Full sun | Umbel | >100 | Pink, White, Yellow | Perfect, Male (staminate) | Generally perfect flowers on longer rays, mail flowers on shorter rays. | Outcrossing | Biotic (animal) | Butterflies, Flies, Moths | Schizocarp | Determinate and indeterminate | Indehiscent | Fruit | Gravity | Moderate | Spring, Late spring, Early summer | No | approx. 61-86 | May, June, July, August, September | Fruit | Dry fruit, Hard seed | Schizocarp wings parchment colored, center striped with dark brown. | Aphids | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Determinate | Fingernail pressure test | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Clipping, Stripping, Swatting/beating | Clippers, Containers, Gloves | Collection can be moderately time consuming as the flowering stems are often less than 1 foot tall. | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | No | 0.53 | 0.06 | 0.70 | 18 | Physiological (needs stratification) | No | Use test for the Apiaceae family. The test requires 20 to 32 hours. | No | Stratification for up to 90 days may be required. | 91.80 | 73 | 99 | 18 | 89.60 | 85 | 97 | 18 | 88 | 77 | 95 | 10 | 34,335.00 | 4,600.00 | 63,000.00 | 18 | 20,355.00 | 3,636.00 | 41,391.00 | 10 | Intermediate | Yes | No | Drill | Fall, Late fall | <0.25 | Yes | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Yes | Broadcast, Drill | Fall, Late fall | <0.25 | Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
BLM OR090A SOS. | Barestem biscuitroot | Apiaceae | Carrot family | Lomatium | nudicaule | https://westernforbs.org/species/barestem-biscuitroot-lomatium-nudicaule/ | No | No | None | No | Perennial | Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | Forb | Erect/ascending | 28 | 14 | No, Variable, few to none | Yes, Sometimes | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Compound | Tap | 36 | CA, ID, NV, OR, UT, WA, BC | Distribution of barestem biscuitroot (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1881-2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Low sage, Sagebrush, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Oak woodlands, Dry forest, Mesic forest | 8,300 | 590 | 12 | Clay, Silt, Sand, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Rocky, gravelly | Shallow | Often on low moisture-holding soils that are saturated in spring, but dry later. | Mid | Tolerates aboveground disturbance, but is susceptible to belowground herbivory or disturbances. | Full sun | Umbel | 11-100, >100 | Yellow | Perfect, Male (staminate) | Perfect flowers on longer rays; male flowers on shorter rays. | Selfing, Outcrossing | Primarily outcrossing. | Biotic (animal) | Bees | Schizocarp | Determinate | Indehiscent | Fruit | Animals, Gravity | Slow | Spring, Late spring, Early summer, Summer | No | 70 | May, June, July, August, September | Fruit | Dry fruit | fruit straw colored, seed striped with brown | Aphids, Livestock, Native ungulates | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Determinate | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test, Other | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Stripping | Containers, Gloves | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart fruit structures to extract individual seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.), Other | Yes | 0.63 | 0.21 | 0.91 | 23 | Physiological (needs stratification) | Yes | 40 hrs | No | 94.00 | 78 | 99 | 23 | 90.00 | 73 | 99 | 23 | 92 | 82 | 97 | 16 | 45,127.00 | 24,000.00 | 81,000.00 | 23 | 35,904.00 | 22,037.00 | 64,719.00 | 16 | Intermediate | Yes | 3+ yrs | Yes | Row cover, Sawdust | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Drill | Fall | 20 - 30 PLS/ft | 0.25-0.5 | Variable, Trial results provided | No | Yes | Three | June | Uniform | Good | Hand, Combine | 54 - 701 lbs/acre | >3 | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Yes | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Fall | 0.25-0.5 | Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches, Add to overall seed mix if drill seeding | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gray’s biscuitroot | Apiaceae | Carrot family | Lomatium | grayi | https://westernforbs.org/species/grays-biscuitroot-lomatium-grayi/ | No | Yes | No | None | No | Perennial | Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | 7+ yrs | Forb | Erect/ascending | 36 | 24 | No | Yes | Deciduous | Compound | Tap | 60 | CA, CO, ID, NV, NM, OR, UT, WA, WY, BC | Distribution of Gray’s biscuitroot (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1881-2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). | Semi-desert grasslands, Low sage, Sagebrush, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Oak woodlands, Dry forest, Subalpine, Alpine | 6,890 | 0 | 20 | 8 | Clay, Silt, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Rocky, gravelly | Neutral, Slightly acidic, Alkaline, Slightly alkaline | Shallow | Can occur in ephemeral/intermittent streambeds, and on sites with fine subsoils. | Pioneer, Early | Little research has been done on non-herbivory disturbance, but heavy root-grazing often leads to steep decreases in survival. | Full sun | Umbel | 11-100, >100 | Yellow | Perfect | Outcrossing | Biotic (animal) | Bees, Flies | Schizocarp | Determinate | Indehiscent | Fruit | Animals, Gravity | Slow | Early spring, Spring, Late spring, Early summer | No | 5 - 8 wks | May, June, July | Fruit, Infloresence | Dry fruit, Hard seed, Straw, brown colored stems | Fruit brown with parchment wings, brittle | Aphids, Weevils, Insects, Rodents, Livestock, Native ungulates | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Determinate | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test, Other | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Stripping | Containers, Gloves, Racquets | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Protect from overheating | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.46 | 0.24 | 0.79 | 9 | Physiological (needs stratification) | Yes | 64 hrs | Yes | 56 - 91 days | 94.00 | 85 | 99 | 9 | 76.00 | 52 | 95 | 9 | 86 | 73 | 96 | 8 | 46,461.00 | 26,000.00 | 56,000.00 | 9 | 38,636.00 | 21,965.00 | 48,272.00 | 8 | Orthodox | Yes | 3 - 4 yrs | Yes | Row cover, Weed fabric, Sawdust, Sand | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Drill | Fall | 20 - 30 PLS/linear ft | 0.25-0.5 | Yes | Trial results provided | Unknown | Yes | Two, Three | May, June, July | Determinate | Moderate | Hand, Mechanical, Combine, Vacuum harvester | 300 - 1200 lb/acre | >3 | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Yes | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Drill | Fall, Late fall, Winter, Early spring | 0.25-0.5 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | ||||||||||||||||||||
BLM ID230 SOS. | Fernleaf biscuitroot | Apiaceae | Carrot family | Lomatium | dissectum | https://westernforbs.org/species/fernleaf-biscuitroot-lomatium-dissectum/ | Yes | No | None | No | Perennial | Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | 10+ yrs | Forb | Erect/ascending | 60 | Yes | Yes | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Compound | Tap | 24 | AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY, AB, BC, SK | Distribution of fernleaf biscuitroot (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1882-2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Low sage, Sagebrush, Riparian, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Oak woodlands, Aspen, Dry forest, Mesic forest | 10,700 | 490 | 12 | Clay, Silt, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Rocky, gravelly | Neutral, Acidic, Alkaline | Moderate, Shallow | Mid, Late (climax) | Fire | Mostly tolerant, but sensitive to root feeding by rodents | Full sun, Partial sun | Umbel | 11-100, >100 | Green, Purple, Yellow | Perfect, Male (staminate) | Perfect flowers are generally on longer rays, male flowers on shorter rays. | Outcrossing | Biotic (animal) | Bees | Schizocarp | Determinate | Indehiscent | Fruit | Animals, Gravity | Moderate | Early spring, Spring, Late spring, Early summer, Summer | No | 35-73 | May, June, July, August | Fruit, Infloresence | Dry fruit, Straw, brown colored stems | Fruit brown, parchment colored wings, detaches readily | Aphids, Insects, Livestock, Native ungulates | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Determinate | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test, X-ray, Other | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Stripping, Swatting/beating | Containers, Gloves, Paddles, Racquets | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.49 | 0.07 | 0.81 | 25 | Physiological (needs stratification) | Yes | 40 hrs | Yes | 56 - 91 days | 92.00 | 75 | 99 | 25 | 84.00 | 56 | 95 | 25 | 89 | 54 | 97 | 21 | 31,687.00 | 3,660.00 | 66,704.00 | 25 | 25,245.00 | 1,739.00 | 54,679.00 | 21 | Orthodox | Yes | 3.5+ yrs | Yes | Row cover, Weed fabric, Sawdust | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Drill | Fall | 20 - 30 PLS/ ft | <0.25, 0.25-0.5 | Trial results provided | Yes, Trial results provided | Yes | Yes | Three, Four | May, June | Determinate | Moderate | Hand, Mechanical, Vacuum harvester | 475 - 968.5 lbs/ acre | >3 | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Yes | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Fall | <0.25, 0.25-0.5 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Cleftleaf daisy | Asteraceae | Aster Family | Erigeron | compositus | No | No | Unknown | Yes | Perennial | Unknown | Forb | Clumping/caespitose | 10 | 1 | 164 | Variable, few to none | Yes | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Compound | Tap | 10 | AK, AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, UT, WY, AB, BC, MB, NL, NT, NU, ON, SK, YT | Distribution of cutleaf daisy based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1861-2018. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions)are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Interactive maps, legends, and a mobile app are available. Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Low sage, Sagebrush, Aspen, Dry forest, Mesic forest, Subalpine, alpine | 14,100 | 5,900 | 16 | 12 | Silt, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Rocky, gravelly, Coarse | Neutral, Alkaline | Reported to pH8. | Shallow | Pioneer, Early, Mid, Late (climax) | Fire, Grazing, Soil disturbance | The species often increases with grazing. | Full sun | Head | 11-100 | Blue, Pink, Yellow | Perfect | Disk flowers are numerous. Ray flowers, if present, number 20 to 60. | Outcrossing, Apomictic | Plant populations may be apomictic or sexual. | Biotic (animal) | Bees | Achene | Determinate and indeterminate | Flowering is somewhat determinate within flowers, but may differ among flower heads within and among plants. | Indehiscent | Fruit | Gravity, Wind | Moderate | Timing of dispersal varies among seedheads. Rate is not documented. | Spring, Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer | No | 30 to 60 days. | June, July, August | Fruit | Dry fruit, Hard seed, Pappus expanded | Brown | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Mold or disease visible, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Indeterminate | Achenes within a seed head may ripen uniformly, but ripening of seedheads within one plant and among different plants may vary. | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), X-ray | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Plucking | Containers, Gloves | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove seed appendages (i.e. pappus/ wings), Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | No | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.29 | 3 | Morphological (needs afterripening) | Yes | Family | No | 97.00 | 96 | 98 | 3 | 98.00 | 96 | 99 | 3 | 95 | 90 | 98 | 3 | 1,919,082.00 | 1,778,784.00 | 2,040,000.00 | 3 | 1,771,723.00 | 1,690,912.00 | 1,861,698.00 | 3 | Orthodox | Unknown | Yes | Afterripening | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Photo: USDI BLM WY 050 SOS. | Arrowleaf balsamroot | Asteraceae | Aster family | Balsamorhiza | sagittata | https://westernforbs.org/species/arrowleaf-balsamroot-balsamorhiza-sagittata/ | No | No | Yes | Common | The genus (other species) | No | Perennial | Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | 40+ years | Forb | Erect/ascending | 30 | Yes | Alternate | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Simple | Tap | 108 | 36 | AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, ND, NV, OR, SD, UT, WY, AB, BC | Distribution of arrowleaf balsamroot (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1870-2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USGS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Low sage, Sagebrush, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Aspen, Dry forest | 9,850 | 330 | 25 | 9 | Clay, Silt, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Medium | Neutral, Acidic, Alkaline, Saline | Tolerates slightly acidic, basic, or saline soils. | Deep | well-drained | Pioneer, Early, Mid, Late (climax) | Fire | Full sun | Head, Solitary | 11-100, >100 | Yellow | Perfect, Female (pistillate) | Ray flowers are femaile, disk flowers are perfect. | Selfing, Outcrossing | Seed production is improved with cross-pollination | Biotic (animal), Abiotic (wind, water) | Bees | Achene | Determinate | Indehiscent | Fruit | Gravity | Slow | Early spring, Spring, Late spring, Early summer, Summer | No | 48-98 | May, June, July, August, September, October | Fruit, Infloresence | Dry fruit, Hard seed | Gray to black | Lygus bugs, Insects, Rodents, Birds, Livestock, Native ungulates | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Determinate | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test, X-ray | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Clipping, Plucking, Swatting/beating, Mechanical (extensive monocultures) | Clippers, Containers, Gloves, Hoppers, Paddles | 150 lbs by 2 or 3 people over 2 or 3 days | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.22 | 0.01 | 0.79 | 63 | Physiological (needs stratification), Morphological (needs afterripening) | Yes | Yes | 84 days | 98.00 | 89 | 99 | 63 | 85.00 | 45 | 97 | 63 | 94 | 79 | 98 | 50 | 49,608.00 | 23,000.00 | 80,710.00 | 63 | 44,696.00 | 21,404.00 | 63,160.00 | 50 | Orthodox | Yes | 5-7 yrs. cold storage is recommended | Yes | Row cover, Sawdust | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Afterripening | Drill, Hilling | Fall, Late fall | 20 PLS/linear ft or 4-5 PLS/hill | 0.5-1 | Variable | Yes | Yes | Three, Four, Five | May, June, July, August | Uniform | Moderate | Hand, Mechanical, Combine | 75-125 lbs/acre at 90% purity | >3 | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Afterripening | Yes | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Afterripening | Drill | Fall, Late fall | 0.5-1, >1 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | ||||||||||||||||
BLM CA350, SOS. | Largeflower hawksbeard | Asteraceae | Aster family | Crepis | occidentalis | https://westernforbs.org/species/largeflower-hawksbeard-crepis-occidentalis/ | Yes | Yes | Common | The genus (other species) | Yes | Perennial | Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | Hawksbeard species are somewhat long-lived since they take 3 to 5 years to reach reproductive maturity | Forb | Erect/ascending | 16 | 3 | Yes | Yes | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Simple | Tap | 8 | AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, ND, NM, NV, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY | Distribution of largeflower hawksbeard (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1865-2023. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by S. Barga and B. Bautch-Breitung, USDA Forest Service, RMRS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Sagebrush, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Aspen, Dry forest | 9,020 | 2,000 | 18 | 12 | Clay, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Rocky, gravelly, Medium, Fine | Neutral, Alkaline | Deep | Largeflower hawksbeard often occupies well-drained sites with deep, rich soils, but it also grows on a variety of soil textures and soil depths. | Pioneer | Fire, Grazing, Soil disturbance | Full sun | Head | 11-100 | Yellow | Perfect | Outcrossing, Apomictic | Largeflower hawksbeard reproduces from seed, which is produced sexually in diploid plant forms and asexually through mostly or wholly apomixis in polyploid forms. Most apomictic forms produce some viable pollen. | Biotic (animal) | Bees | Achene | Indeterminate | Indehiscent | Fruit | Wind | Moderate | Spring, Late spring, Early summer, Summer | No | June, July | Fruit | Dry fruit, Hard seed, Pappus expanded | Dark brown | Insects | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Indeterminate | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), X-ray | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Stripping, Swatting/beating | Containers, Gloves, Paddles, Racquets | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Any vegetative material (e.g., stems, large leaves) should be removed from collected seed to reduce the moisture content and thus the potential for molding. This is especially important for largeflower hawksbeard because of the milky sap in vegetative material. | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove seed appendages (i.e. pappus/ wings), Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.26 | 0.01 | 0.60 | 28 | Unknown | Yes | No | 99.00 | 93 | 99 | 28 | 88.00 | 70 | 99 | 28 | 92 | 75 | 98 | 26 | 112,997.00 | 83,300.00 | 152,000.00 | 28 | 96,200.00 | 72,721.00 | 131,085.00 | 26 | Orthodox | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
USDI BLM ID931 SOS. | Bigflower agoseris | Asteraceae | Aster family | Agoseris | grandiflora | https://westernforbs.org/species/bigflower-agoseris-agoseris-grandiflora/ | Yes | Yes | Rare | The genus (other species) | No | Perennial | Short-lived (1-3 yrs) | Bigflower agoseris is a short-lived, colonizing species | Forb | Erect/ascending | 33 | 32 | 8 | No | Yes | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Simple | Tap | CA, ID, MT, NV, OR, WA, BC | Distribution of bigflower agoseris (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1880–2023. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Sagebrush, Chaparral, Pinyon-Juniper, Dry forest | 8,200 | 30 | 29 | 12 | Clay, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Rocky, gravelly, Fine | Neutral | Deep, Moderate, Shallow | Bigflower agoseris tolerates a broad range of soil types | Pioneer, Early | Fire, Grazing, Soil disturbance | Full sun | Head | 11-100, >100 | Yellow | Perfect | Outcrossing | Biotic (animal) | Insects | Achene | Indeterminate | Indehiscent | Fruit | Wind | Moderate | Late spring, Early summer | No | June, July, August | Fruit, Infloresence | Dry fruit, Hard seed, Pappus expanded | Gray-brown | Insects | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Mold or disease visible, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Indeterminate | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), X-ray | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Clipping, Plucking | Clippers, Containers, Gloves, Paddles, Racquets | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Seedheads may support developing insects; control is necessary. Dry carefully as herbage contains a milky juice and molding may occur. | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove seed appendages (i.e. pappus/ wings), Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.39 | 0.29 | 0.57 | 9 | Not dormant | No | 2 days using the AOSA guidelines for Asteraceae | No | 98.00 | 95 | 99 | 9 | 93.00 | 87 | 99 | 9 | 95 | 85 | 98 | 8 | 506,834.00 | 348,112.00 | 761,073.00 | 9 | 486,438.00 | 330,915.00 | 723,476.00 | 8 | Orthodox | At least 5 years at 40C (moisture content not stated) | Yes | Weed fabric | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Drill | Fall, Late fall, Winter, Early spring, Spring | 4 PLS pounds/acre | <0.25, 0.25-0.5 | Yes | One | June, July, August, September | Indeterminate | Hand, Vacuum harvester, Collect from paper | 400 lbs/acre (stand established from plugs) | 1-2 | Yes | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Broadcast, Drill | Fall, Late fall | <0.25, 0.25-0.5 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
USDI BLM WY020 SOS. | Pale agoseris | Asteraceae | Aster family | Agoseris | glauca | https://westernforbs.org/species/pale-agoseris-agoseris-glauca/ | Yes | Yes | None | Yes | Perennial | Short-lived (1-3 yrs) | Forb | Erect/ascending | 24 | 24 | 2 | No | Yes | Alternate | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Simple | Tap | 24 | AK, AZ, CA, CO, IA, ID, KS, MI, MN, MT, ND, NE, NM, NV, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY, AB, BC, MB, NT, ON, SK | Distribution of pale agoseris (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1881–2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Sagebrush, Riparian, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Oak woodlands, Aspen, Dry forest, Mesic forest | 12,500 | 399 | 5 | Clay, Silt, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Rocky, gravelly, Coarse | Alkaline, Saline | Tolerates slightly alkaline or saline soils. | Deep, Moderate, Shallow | Pale agoseris is considered very adaptable, growing in many variations of soils and moisture conditions | Pioneer, Early, Mid, Late (climax) | Fire, Soil disturbance | Plant abundance tends to decrease with sheep grazing and increase with cattle grazing | Full sun | Head | 11-100, >100 | Yellow | Perfect | Outcrossing | Biotic (animal) | Bees, Butterflies, Flies, Wasps | Achene | Determinate | Indehiscent | Fruit | Wind | Rapid | Spring, Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer | No | May, June, July, August, September | Fruit, Infloresence | Dry fruit, Hard seed, Pappus expanded | Golden brown | Insects, Diseases (fungi) | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Mold or disease visible, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Determinate | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), X-ray | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Plucking, Swatting/beating | Clippers, Containers, Gloves, Hoppers, Paddles, Racquets | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Ripening heads commonly contain developing insects so control is necessary. Herbage contains milky juice so thorough drying is necessary to prevent molding. | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove seed appendages (i.e. pappus/ wings), Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.19 | 0.02 | 0.62 | 32 | Physiological (needs stratification), Not dormant | Yes | 1-2 days (test is for the Asteraceae) | No | 96.00 | 90 | 99 | 32 | 92.00 | 62 | 99 | 32 | 92 | 85 | 97 | 12 | 195,767.00 | 96,300.00 | 266,800.00 | 32 | 160,511.00 | 92,477.00 | 209,328.00 | 12 | Orthodox | No | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Drill | Fall, Late fall | Yes | Yes | May, June, July, August, September | Determinate | Poor | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | No | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Broadcast, Drill | Fall, Late fall | 0.25-0.5, 0.5-1 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots |
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