Quick Lookup Table | Western Forbs

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This table allows you to search and filter for forb species with certain attributes. Most columns can be filtered using the second row of the table. Information is grouped into categories indicated and color coded according to graphic below.

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Species Image	Image credit	Common name	Plant family (Common)	Plant family (Scientific)	Genus	Species	More information	Recent scientific name change?	Alternate scientific name	Subtaxa?	Hybridization?	Degree of hybridization	Hybridizes within	Polyploid?	Life cycle	Longevity		Growth form	Growth habit	Max height at maturity (in)	Min height at maturity (in)	Max width at maturity (in)	Min width at maturity (in)	Stem leaves	Basal leaves	Leaf arrangement	Leaf persistence	Leaf type	Root system	Max root depth (in)	Max root spread (in)	Occurrence	Occurrence map	Map description	Major plant associations	Max elevation (ft)	Min elevation (ft)	Max precipitation (in)	Min precipitation (in)	Soil texture range	Predominant soil texture	Soil pH, salinity, sodicity	Description of soil pH, salinity, sodicity	Soil depth		Successional status	Disturbance tolerance		Light requirement	Inflorescence type	Flowers per inflorescence	Individual flower color	Flower type	Flower type details	Pollination type		Pollination agent	Animal pollinators	Fruit description	Plant flowering and fruit ripening pattern	Description of flowering and fruit ripening pattern	Dehiscence	Dispersal unit	Dispersal agent	Dispersal rate	Description of seed dispersal and rate	Flowering phenology (location dependent)	More than one flowering event possible in a single growing season (e.g. flowers in spring and again in fall)?		Date of fruit maturation (location dependent)	Structure collected	Maturation indicators	Seed color	Common seed predators	Characteristics of damaged, low quality fruit/seed	Uniformity of ripening	Description of fruit ripening (within and among plants)	Quick tests of seed fill/quality	Harvest window duration	Wildland harvest method(s)	Wildland harvest equipment		Post-harvest management	Special post-harvest management notes	General seed cleaning procedure	Seed cleaning protocol available?	Average clean-out ratio (clean/rough)	Clean-out ratio (min)	Clean-out ratio (max)	Clean-out ratio (number of samples)	Seed dormancy type	AOSA protocol for evaluating viability?	Time required to test viability	Viability protocol is for the:	AOSA test for germination?	Time required to test germination	Germination test is for the:	Average purity (%)	Purity (min %)	Purity (max %)	Purity sample size (n)	Average fill (%)	Fill (min %)	Fill (max %)	Fill sample size (n)	Average viability (%)	Viability (min %)	Viability (max %)	Viability sample size (n)		Bulk seeds/lb (min)	Bulk seeds/lb (max)	Bulk seeds/lb sample size (n)		PLS (min)	PLS (max)	PLS sample size (n)	Seed type	Cold storage required?		Seed production research conducted?	Soil protective measures	Treatments to enhance germination (Seed Production)	Method (equipment)	Seeding date		Seeding depth (in)	Does fertilization increase seed yield?	Irrigation increase seed yield?	Managed pollinators effective?	Known agricultural pests/diseases?	Plant age (yr) at first harvest	Harvest date	Seed ripening pattern	Seed retention	Harvesting method/equipment		Stand life (yrs)	Treatments to enhance germination (Nursery)	Wildland protocols available	Treatments to enhance germination (Wildland Seeding)	Wildland Seeding Machinery	Seeding Date	Seeding Depth (in)	Seed mix	Planting seedlings used to
Species Image	Image credit	Common name	Plant family (Common)	Plant family (Scientific)	Genus	Species	More information	Recent scientific name change?	Alternate scientific name	Subtaxa?	Hybridization?	Degree of hybridization	Hybridizes within	Polyploid?	Life cycle	Longevity	Longevity description	Growth form	Growth habit	Max height at maturity (in)	Min height at maturity (in)	Max width at maturity (in)	Min width at maturity (in)	Stem leaves	Basal leaves	Leaf arrangement	Leaf persistence	Leaf type	Root system	Max root depth (in)	Max root spread (in)	Occurrence	Occurrence map	Map description	Major plant associations	Max elevation (ft)	Min elevation (ft)	Max precipitation (in)	Min precipitation (in)	Soil texture range	Predominant soil texture	Soil pH, salinity, sodicity	Description of soil pH, salinity, sodicity	Soil depth	Soil description	Successional status	Disturbance tolerance	Disturbance tolerance description	Light requirement	Inflorescence type	Flowers per inflorescence	Individual flower color	Flower type	Flower type details	Pollination type	Pollination description	Pollination agent	Animal pollinators	Fruit description	Plant flowering and fruit ripening pattern	Description of flowering and fruit ripening pattern	Dehiscence	Dispersal unit	Dispersal agent	Dispersal rate	Description of seed dispersal and rate	Flowering phenology (location dependent)	More than one flowering event possible in a single growing season (e.g. flowers in spring and again in fall)?	Time from flowering to fruit maturation (days)	Date of fruit maturation (location dependent)	Structure collected	Maturation indicators	Seed color	Common seed predators	Characteristics of damaged, low quality fruit/seed	Uniformity of ripening	Description of fruit ripening (within and among plants)	Quick tests of seed fill/quality	Harvest window duration	Wildland harvest method(s)	Wildland harvest equipment	Wildland harvest rate	Post-harvest management	Special post-harvest management notes	General seed cleaning procedure	Seed cleaning protocol available?	Average clean-out ratio (clean/rough)	Clean-out ratio (min)	Clean-out ratio (max)	Clean-out ratio (number of samples)	Seed dormancy type	AOSA protocol for evaluating viability?	Time required to test viability	Viability protocol is for the:	AOSA test for germination?	Time required to test germination	Germination test is for the:	Average purity (%)	Purity (min %)	Purity (max %)	Purity sample size (n)	Average fill (%)	Fill (min %)	Fill (max %)	Fill sample size (n)	Average viability (%)	Viability (min %)	Viability (max %)	Viability sample size (n)	Average bulk seeds/lb	Bulk seeds/lb (min)	Bulk seeds/lb (max)	Bulk seeds/lb sample size (n)	Average pure live seeds (PLS)/lb	PLS (min)	PLS (max)	PLS sample size (n)	Seed type	Cold storage required?	Longevity (yrs)	Seed production research conducted?	Soil protective measures	Treatments to enhance germination (Seed Production)	Method (equipment)	Seeding date	Seeding rate with units	Seeding depth (in)	Does fertilization increase seed yield?	Irrigation increase seed yield?	Managed pollinators effective?	Known agricultural pests/diseases?	Plant age (yr) at first harvest	Harvest date	Seed ripening pattern	Seed retention	Harvesting method/equipment	Seed yield (average and range)	Stand life (yrs)	Treatments to enhance germination (Nursery)	Wildland protocols available	Treatments to enhance germination (Wildland Seeding)	Wildland Seeding Machinery	Seeding Date	Seeding Depth (in)	Seed mix	Planting seedlings used to
		Common sunflower	Aster	Asteraceae	Helianthus	annuus				Yes	Yes	Common	The genus (other species)	No	Annual	Short-lived (1-3 yrs)		Forb	Erect/ascending	36	120			Yes	No	Alternate, Opposite	Annual plant	Simple	Tap and fibrous	107		AZ, CA, CO, DC, DE, IA, ID, IL, IN, KS, MD, MI, MN, MO, MT, ND, NE, NJ, NM, NV, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, SD, TX, UT, VA, WA, WI, WV, WY		Distribution of common sunflower (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1828-2019). Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Interactive maps, legends, and a mobile app are available. Map prepared by Sarah Barga and Benton Spendlove USFS RMRS. The species is native to the western United States and has spread across much of the country and to other countries by human dispersal and hybridization.	Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Salt desert, Sagebrush, Riparian, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Dry forest	9	0	16	6	Clay, Silt, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky	Coarse, Medium	Neutral, Acidic, Alkaline, Saline	Common sunflower is recommended for revegetation on clay, loam, silt, gravel, and sand soils and said to be tolerant of acidic and alkaline conditions, metals, and salt.	Deep, Moderate	It occurs on a range of soil textures, particularly on disturbed sites. It has been found on sand dunes and on serpentine soils.	Pioneer	Fire, Soil disturbance	Colonizes disturbed, weedy, and burned sites. Also occurs in shrub and forest areas where the overstory has been removed mechanically.	Full sun	Head	>100	Yellow	Perfect	Ray flowers are sterile. Disk flowers are perfect.	Outcrossing	Primarily outcrossing, but some selfing can occur.	Biotic (animal)	Bees, Beetles, Butterflies, Insects, Wasps	Achene	Indeterminate	Fruits are cypselas. Flowering within heads and within plants is indeterminate.	Indehiscent	Fruit	Animals, Gravity	Moderate		Spring, Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer, Early fall	No	49 to 56 days	June, July, August, September, October	Infloresence	Dry fruit, Hard seed	Gray to brown or black	Weevils, Insects, Diseases (fungi), Rodents, Birds, Livestock, Native ungulates	Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Mold or disease visible, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed	Indeterminate	Indeterminate	Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test, X-ray	Moderate (1-3 wks)	Clipping, Swatting/beating, Mechanical (extensive monocultures)	Containers, Dust masks, Gloves, Hoppers, Paddles, Combine/swathers (for large monocultures)		Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating		Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Break apart fruit structures to extract individual seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.)	Yes	0.30	0.30	0.80	45	Physiological (needs stratification), Not dormant	Yes	2 days	Species	Yes	7 days	Species	98	95	99	45	92	73	99	45	94	68	99	43	73,226	56,770.00	98,780.00	45	67,759	51,379.00	87,272.00	43	Orthodox	Yes	Less than 5 unless kept in cold storage.	Yes		Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Afterripening	Drill	Fall, Late fall	5-10 PLS/linear ft	<0.25, 0.25-0.5		No	Yes	Yes	One	October	Indeterminate	Moderate	Mechanical, Combine	300-450 lbs/acre at 95% purity	1-2	Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Afterripening	Yes	Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Afterripening	Drill	Fall, Late fall	<0.25, 0.25-0.5	Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches
	USDI BLM NM930N SOS.	Hoary tansyaster	Aster	Asteraceae	Dieteria	canescens	https://westernforbs.org/species/dieteria-machaeranthera-canescens-hoary-tansyaster/	Yes	Machaeranthera canescens	Yes	Yes	Common	The species (infrataxa), The genus (other species)	No	Annual, Biennial, Perennial	Short-lived (1-3 yrs)	Longevity varies with the subspecies. The artistata and glabra varieties typically grow as annuals or biennials, variety nebraskana grows as a biennial or short-lived perennial, and variety ziegleri is a perennial subshrub.	Forb, Subshrub	Decumbent/prostrate/spreading, Erect/ascending	40	2.5			Yes	Yes	Alternate	Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually)	Simple	Tap			AZ, CA, CO, IA, ID, KS, MT, ND, NE, NM, NV, OR, SD, TX, UT, WA, WI, WY, AB, BC, SK, MX - BN, MX - CH, MX - SO		Distribution of hoary tansyaster (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1849-2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USGS.	Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Low sage, Salt desert, Sagebrush, Warm desert, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Aspen, Dry forest, Mesic forest	11,000	0	60	8	Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky	Rocky, gravelly, Coarse	Neutral, Acidic, Alkaline	Tolerates pH range 6 to 8.4, but it is more common on alkaline soils.	Moderate	Hoary tansyaster grows well on medium- to coarse-textured soils with pH of 6 to 8.4 and rooting depths of at least 10 in (25 cm) (Tilley et al. 2014). It is common in loamy to sandy alkaline soils with gravel and rocks.	Pioneer, Early	Fire, Grazing, Soil disturbance	Hoary tansyaster is an early colonizer in both primary and secondary succession. It establishes readily from shattered seed. It is common on disturbed sites and its abundance and persistence may benefit from periodic disturbance. It is used by many wildlife species, but is little used by cattle.	Full sun	Head, Panicle, Raceme	11-100	Blue, Pink, Purple, White	Perfect, Female (pistillate)		Outcrossing		Biotic (animal)	Bees, Butterflies, Flies	Achene	Indeterminate	Timing of flowering varies among varieties and generally occurs over a long period.	Indehiscent	Fruit	Animals, Gravity, Wind	Rapid		Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer, Early fall, Fall	No	Four to five weeks	June, July, August, September, October, November	Fruit	Dry fruit, Hard seed, Pappus expanded	brown	Aphids, Insects, Diseases (fungi), Rodents	Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Mold or disease visible, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed	Indeterminate	Variable	Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), X-ray	Narrow (<1 wk)	Plucking, Stripping, Swatting/beating	Containers, Dust masks, Gloves, Racquets		Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating	Seeds collected during cool or wet periods require careful and immediate drying. Vegetative material is sticky making careful drying necessary.	Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove seed appendages (i.e. pappus/ wings), Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.)	Yes	0.15	0.00	0.83	121	Not dormant	Yes	2-3 days	Species	No			91	30	99	121	91	68	99	122	89	49	99	94	1,116,176	252,000.00	2,180,769.00	121	921,408	405,784.00	1,949,184.00	94	Orthodox	Unknown		Yes	Row cover, Weed fabric	Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial)	Drill, Hilling	Fall, Late fall	0.35 to 2 lb/acre PLS or	<0.25		No, Trial results provided	Yes	Yes	One	July, August, September, October	Indeterminate	Poor	Hand, Mechanical, Combine, Vacuum harvester, Swather	200-400 lbs/acre bulk	1-2	Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial)	Yes	Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial)	Broadcast, Drill	Fall, Late fall	<0.25	Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches	Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots
	Photo: USDI BLM WY 050 SOS.	Arrowleaf balsamroot	Aster family	Asteraceae	Balsamorhiza	sagittata	https://westernforbs.org/species/arrowleaf-balsamroot-balsamorhiza-sagittata/	No		No	Yes	Common	The genus (other species)	No	Perennial	Long-lived (4 or more yrs)	40+ years	Forb	Clumping/caespitose, Erect/ascending	30		36			Yes		Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually)	Simple	Tap	108	36	AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, ND, NV, OR, SD, UT, WY, AB, BC		Distribution of arrowleaf balsamroot (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1870-2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USGS.	Semi-desert grasslands, Low sage, Sagebrush, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Aspen, Dry forest	9,850	330	25	9	Clay, Silt, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky	Coarse, Medium, Fine	Neutral	Plants tolerate soils that are weakly acidic to weakly basic (pH 6.5 to 8) and have low salinity.	Deep	Deep, well-drained, neutral, fine to coarse-textured soils.	Pioneer, Early, Mid, Late (climax)	Fire, Soil disturbance	Not an early colonizer if it was not present pre-disturbance.	Full sun	Head, Solitary	11-100, >100	Yellow	Perfect, Female (pistillate)	Ray flowers are female, disk flowers are perfect.	Selfing, Outcrossing	Seed production is improved with cross-pollination.	Biotic (animal)	Bees	Achene	Determinate	Flowering and fruit ripening are fairly uniform, but vary to some extent with and among seed heads.	Indehiscent	Fruit	Animals, Gravity	Slow		Early spring, Spring, Late spring, Early summer, Summer	No	48-98	May, June, July, August, September, October	Fruit, Infloresence	Dry fruit, Hard seed, Straw, brown colored stems	Gray to black	Insects, Rodents, Birds, Livestock, Native ungulates	Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed	Determinate	Because dispersal is fairly slow, it is possible to delay harvesting until many seed heads are mature.	Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test, X-ray	Moderate (1-3 wks)	Clipping, Plucking, Swatting/beating, Mechanical (extensive monocultures)	Clippers, Containers, Dust masks, Gloves, Hoppers, Paddles	150 lbs by 2 or 3 people over 2 or 3 days	Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating	Store seed in a rodent-free area.	Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.)	Yes	0.22	0.01	0.79	63	Physiological (needs stratification), Morphological (needs afterripening)	Yes	2-3 days	Genus	Yes	84 days	Species	98	89	99	63	85	45	97	63	94	79	98	50	49,608	23,000.00	80,710.00	63	44,696	21,404.00	63,160.00	50	Orthodox	Yes	5-7 yrs. cold storage is recommended	Yes	Row cover, Sawdust	Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Afterripening	Drill, Hilling	Fall, Late fall	20 PLS/linear ft or 4-5 PLS/hill	0.5-1		Variable	Yes	Yes	Three, Four, Five	May, June, July	Uniform	Moderate	Hand, Mechanical, Combine, Vacuum harvester	75-125 lbs/acre at 90% purity	>3	Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Afterripening	Yes	Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Afterripening	Drill	Fall, Late fall	0.5-1, >1	Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches	Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots
	Photo: USDI, BLM MT050, SOS	Spreading fleabane	Aster family	Asteraceae	Erigeron	divergens				No	Yes	Common	The genus (other species)	Yes	Annual, Biennial, Perennial	Short-lived (1-3 yrs)	Different populations may be annual, biennial, or perennial.	Forb		28	3			Yes	Yes	Alternate	Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually), Annual plant	Simple	Tap			AZ, CA, CO, ID, KS, MT, ND, NE, NM, NV, OR, SD, TX, UT, WA, WY, AB, BC, MX - BN, MX - CH, MX - SO		Distribution of spreading fleabane (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1871-2023 (CPNWH 2017; SEINet 2017; USDI USGS 2020). Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) (Bower et al. 2014) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines) (Omernik 1987; USDI EPA 2018). Interactive maps, legends, and a mobile app are available (USDA FS WWETAC 2017; https://www.fs.usda.gov/wwetac/Seedzonemapping.php). Map prepared by Sarah Barga, USFS RMRS.	Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Salt desert, Warm desert, Chaparral, Riparian, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Oak woodlands, Aspen, Dry forest, Mesic forest	160	9,500	34	11	Sand, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky	Coarse, Medium			Deep, Moderate, Shallow		Pioneer, Early	Fire, Grazing, Soil disturbance		Full sun, Partial sun	Head	11-100, >100	Blue, Purple, White, Yellow	Perfect, Female (pistillate)	Ray flowers are pistillate, disk flowers are perfect.	Outcrossing, Apomictic		Biotic (animal)	Bees	Achene	Indeterminate	Seed ripening dates vary widely geographically and within plants and populations.	Indehiscent	Fruit	Gravity, Wind		Not well documented. May vary depending on wind conditions.	Early spring, Spring, Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer, Early fall, Fall	No		May, June, July, August, September	Fruit	Dry fruit, Hard seed, Pappus expanded	Brown			Indeterminate		Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), X-ray	Moderate (1-3 wks)	Clipping, Stripping	Clippers, Containers, Dust masks, Gloves		Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating		Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove seed appendages (i.e. pappus/ wings), Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.)	Yes	0.09	0.02	0.17	8	Not dormant	No	2 days	Species	No			88	78	99	8	92	80	99	8	80	45	95	8	9,640,285	1,905,882.00	15,120,000.00	8	6,440,806	1,412,259.00	10,039,680.00	8	Orthodox	Unknown		No										Yes									Yes
	USDI BLM WY020 SOS.	Pale agoseris	Aster family	Asteraceae	Agoseris	glauca	https://westernforbs.org/species/pale-agoseris-agoseris-glauca/			Yes	Yes	None		Yes	Perennial	Short-lived (1-3 yrs)		Forb	Erect/ascending	24		24	2	No	Yes	Alternate	Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually)	Simple	Tap	24		AK, AZ, CA, CO, IA, ID, KS, MI, MN, MT, ND, NE, NM, NV, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY, AB, BC, MB, NT, ON, SK		Distribution of pale agoseris (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1881–2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS.	Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Sagebrush, Riparian, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Oak woodlands, Aspen, Dry forest, Mesic forest	12,500	399		5	Clay, Silt, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky	Rocky, gravelly, Coarse	Alkaline, Saline	Tolerates slightly alkaline or saline soils.	Deep, Moderate, Shallow	Pale agoseris is considered very adaptable, growing in many variations of soils and moisture conditions	Pioneer, Early, Mid, Late (climax)	Fire, Soil disturbance	Plant abundance tends to decrease with sheep grazing and increase with cattle grazing	Full sun	Head	11-100, >100	Yellow	Perfect		Outcrossing		Biotic (animal)	Bees, Butterflies, Flies, Wasps	Achene	Determinate		Indehiscent	Fruit	Wind	Rapid		Spring, Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer	No		May, June, July, August, September	Fruit, Infloresence	Dry fruit, Hard seed, Pappus expanded	Golden brown	Insects, Diseases (fungi)	Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Mold or disease visible, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed	Determinate		Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), X-ray	Moderate (1-3 wks)	Plucking, Swatting/beating	Clippers, Containers, Gloves, Hoppers, Paddles, Racquets		Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating	Ripening heads commonly contain developing insects so control is necessary. Herbage contains milky juice so thorough drying is necessary to prevent molding.	Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove seed appendages (i.e. pappus/ wings), Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.)	Yes	0.19	0.02	0.62	32	Physiological (needs stratification), Not dormant	Yes	1-2 days (test is for the Asteraceae)		No			96	90	99	32	92	62	99	32	92	85	97	12	195,767	96,300.00	266,800.00	32	160,511	92,477.00	209,328.00	12	Orthodox			No		Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial)	Drill	Fall, Late fall					Yes	Yes		May, June, July, August, September	Determinate	Poor				Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial)	No	Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial)	Broadcast, Drill	Fall, Late fall	0.25-0.5, 0.5-1	Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches	Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots
	USDI BLM NV020, SOS.	Desert yellow fleabane	Aster family	Asteraceae	Erigeron	linearis	https://westernforbs.org/species/desert-yellow-fleabane-erigeron-linearis/	No		No	Yes	Rare	The genus (other species)	Yes	Perennial			Forb	Clumping/caespitose, Erect/ascending	8	2			Yes	Yes	Alternate	Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually)	Simple	Tap			CA, ID, MT, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY, BC, YT		Distribution of desert yellow fleabane (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1885-2011. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS.	Semi-desert grasslands, Low sage, Sagebrush, Pinyon-Juniper, Dry forest	6,500	2,300	16	6	Clay, Silt, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky	Rocky, gravelly, Medium	Neutral		Shallow		Early, Mid	Fire, Grazing	Tolerance depends on season and site conditions.	Full sun, Partial sun	Head	11-100	White, Yellow	Perfect, Female (pistillate)				Biotic (animal)	Bees, Butterflies		Indeterminate		Indehiscent	Fruit	Wind			Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer	No		May, June, July, August	Fruit	Dry fruit, Hard seed, Pappus expanded	Mature achene is brown.	Insects	Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit	Indeterminate		Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test, X-ray	Moderate (1-3 wks)	Clipping, Plucking, Swatting/beating	Clippers, Containers, Gloves		Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating		Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove seed appendages (i.e. pappus/ wings), Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.)	Yes	0.19	0.02	0.47	21	Not dormant	No			No			93	85	99	21	91	79	98	21	89	69	97	21	1,292,289	821,739.00	1,829,032.00	21	1,091,264	928,546.00	1,419,329.00	18	Orthodox	Unknown		No						0.25-0.5				Yes									No
	USDI BLM SOS NM930	Prairie sunflower	Aster family	Asteraceae	Helianthus	petiolaris				Yes	Yes	Common	The genus (other species)	No	Annual	Short-lived (1-3 yrs)	Annual plant.	Forb	Erect/ascending	78	16			Yes	Sometimes	Alternate	Annual plant	Simple	Tap			AK, AZ, CA, CO, DC, DE, IA, ID, IL, IN, KS, MD, MI, MN, MO, MT, ND, NE, NJ, NM, NV, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, TX, UT, VA, WA, WI, WV, WY, AB, MB, ON, SK		Distribution of prairie sunflower (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1842-2023. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Interactive maps, legends, and a mobile app are available (https://www.fs.usda.gov/wwetac/Seedzonemapping.php). Map prepared by Sarah Barga and Benton Spendlove USFS RMRS.	Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Salt desert, Sagebrush, Warm desert, Riparian, Pinyon-Juniper, Dry forest	8,200	30	24	8	Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky	Medium		Described as non-salt tolerant, but also occurs in salt desert shrublands	Deep, Moderate	Deep sandy soils and active sand dunes are common habitats.	Pioneer, Early	Fire, Grazing, Soil disturbance	Commonly associated with early seral conditions and disturbed sites. Commonly occurs in abandoned agricultural fields, burned areas and heavily-grazed sites.	Full sun, Partial sun	Head	>100	Yellow, Brown	Perfect	Ray flowers are sterile, disk flowers are perfect.	Outcrossing	Flowers are obligate outcrossing.	Biotic (animal)	Bees, Insects, Wasps	Achene	Indeterminate	Flowers within a head are determinate. Flowering is indeterminate within and among plants in a population.	Indehiscent	Fruit	Animals, Gravity	Slow	Dispersal can occur over as much as 3 or 4 months.	Spring, Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer	No	40	July, August, September, October	Infloresence	Dehiscing (splitting) fruit, Dry fruit, Hard seed	Gray with darker streaks.	Insects, Rodents, Birds, Livestock, Native ungulates	Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed	Determinate, Indeterminate	Ripening within heads is determinate, but indeterminate within and among plants in a population.	Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test, X-ray	Long (>3 wks)	Clipping	Clippers, Dust masks, Gloves, Goggles, Hoppers		Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating		Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Break apart fruit structures to extract individual seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.)	No	0.22	0.06	0.42	17	Physiological (needs stratification), Physical (needs scarification), Unknown	Yes	2 days	Genus	Yes	7 days	Species	96	78	99	17	91	73	98	17	96	91	98	15	162,626	74,000.00	284,550.00	17	144,109	71,062.00	206,906.00	15	Orthodox	Unknown	Viability up to 20 years when stored in a jsr at 68-72F and ~22% RH.	Yes				Spring					Unknown	Yes	One	June, July, August, September, October		Good		1500 lbs/acre (not indicated whether this was bulk or cleaned)	1-2		Yes
	USDI BLM NV020 SOS.	Tapertip hawksbeard	Aster family	Asteraceae	Crepis	acuminata	https://westernforbs.org/species/tapertip-hawksbeard-crepis-acuminata/	No		No	Yes	Rare	The genus (other species)	Yes	Perennial	Short-lived (1-3 yrs), Long-lived (4 or more yrs)		Forb	Erect/ascending	33	8			Yes	Yes	Alternate	Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually)	Simple	Tap			AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY		Distribution of tapertip hawksbeard (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1881-2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USGS.	Semi-desert grasslands, Low sage, Sagebrush, Riparian, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Aspen, Dry forest, Mesic forest	10,800	700	20	7	Clay, Silt, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky	Coarse	Neutral, Alkaline	Neutral to alkaline (up to pH 6 to 7.9 reported)	Deep, Moderate, Shallow	Commonly well-drained, neutral to slightly alkaline, non-saline, coarse sandy or stony.	Early, Mid, Late (climax)	Fire	Sensitive to spring grazing, but tolerates other forms of disturbance well. It is more susceptible to summer than spring or fall fires.	Full sun	Corymb	2-10, 11-100	Yellow	Perfect		Outcrossing, Apomictic	Diploid plants generally produce seeds via outcrossing while polyploid plants produce seed via apomixis.	Biotic (animal)	Bees	Achene	Indeterminate		Indehiscent	Fruit	Animals, Wind	Rapid, Moderate		Early summer, Summer, Late summer	No	28	June, July, August, September	Fruit	Dry fruit, Hard seed, Pappus expanded	Gold to brown	Insects, Rodents	Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed	Indeterminate		Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test, X-ray	Narrow (<1 wk)	Plucking, Swatting/beating	Containers, Gloves, Hoppers, Paddles, Racquets		Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating	Avoid collecting vegetative material as it contains a milky juice. Dry collections immediately.	Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove seed appendages (i.e. pappus/ wings), Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.)	Yes	0.16	0.00	0.70	76	Physiological (needs stratification), Not dormant	No	ISTA Viability test is available. Requires about 2 days.	Genus	No			96	28	99	76	88	12	99	74	93	61	98	48	171,177	99,382.00	294,500.00	76	147,918	90,600.00	218,079.00	48	Orthodox	Unknown		Yes		Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial)	Drill	Fall, Late fall	25-30 seeds/ft	<0.25, 0.25-0.5, 0.5-1			Yes	Yes	One, Two, Three, Four, Five	June, July, August	Indeterminate	Poor	Hand, Vacuum harvester		>3	Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial)	No	Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial)	Broadcast, Drill	Fall, Late fall	<0.25, 0.25-0.5, 0.5-1	Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches	Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots
	USFS RMRS PSSL.	Limestone hawksbeard	Aster family	Asteraceae	Crepis	intermedia	https://westernforbs.org/species/limestone-hawksbeard-crepis-intermedia/	No		Yes	Yes	Common	The genus (other species)	Yes	Perennial	Long-lived (4 or more yrs)		Forb	Erect/ascending	28	10			Yes	Yes	Alternate	Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually)	Simple	Tap			AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY, AB, BC, SK		Distribution of limestone hawksbeard (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1881-2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS.	Semi-desert grasslands, Sagebrush, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Dry forest	12,800	1,500	20	8	Clay, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky	Medium, Fine	Neutral		Deep	Occurs on well-drained soils.	Pioneer	Fire		Full sun	Corymb	11-100	Yellow	Perfect		Outcrossing, Apomictic	Self-incompatible but facultatively apomictic.	Biotic (animal)	Bees	Achene	Indeterminate		Indehiscent	Fruit	Wind			Early summer, Summer	No	37	June, July	Fruit, Infloresence	Dry fruit, Hard seed, Pappus expanded	Golden	Insects, Rodents	Insects and damage visible, Obvious predation	Indeterminate		Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test, X-ray	Narrow (<1 wk)	Clipping, Plucking, Swatting/beating	Clippers, Containers, Gloves, Racquets		Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating		Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove seed appendages (i.e. pappus/ wings), Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.)	No	0.10	0.02	0.15	6	Physiological (needs stratification)	Yes			No			97	95	99	6	85	75	97	6	85	70	97	5	120,039	96,508.00	144,366.00	6	95,097	80,680.00	110,110.00	5		Yes		Yes	Row cover, Sawdust, Other mulch	Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial)	Drill	Fall, Late fall	20 - 30 PLS/ft	<0.25	Trial results provided	Variable, Trial results provided		Yes	Three	June, July	Indeterminate		Mechanical, Vacuum harvester	144.6 (55.5 - 301.5) lbs/acre	>3	Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial)	No	Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial)	Broadcast, Drill	Fall, Late fall	<0.25	Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches	Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots
	BLM OR050 SOS.	Common woolly sunflower	Aster family	Asteraceae	Eriophyllum	lanatum	https://westernforbs.org/species/common-woolly-sunflower-eriophyllum-lanatum/	No		Yes	Yes	Common	Both infrataxa and genus	Yes	Annual, Biennial, Perennial	Short-lived (1-3 yrs), Long-lived (4 or more yrs)	Decades, but depends on variety	Forb, Subshrub	Decumbent/prostrate/spreading, Erect/ascending	42	4			Yes	No	Alternate	Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually)	Simple	Tap, Tap and fibrous			AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY, BC		Distribution of common woolly sunflower (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1854-2018. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS.	Semi-desert grasslands, Sagebrush, Chaparral, Riparian, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Oak woodlands, Dry forest, Mesic forest	11,500	0	49	9	Clay, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky	Coarse	Neutral, Acidic	pH of 5.4 to 7.1 reported	Deep, Moderate		Pioneer, Early, Mid, Late (climax)	Fire, Soil disturbance		Full sun	Head	11-100, >100	Yellow	Perfect, Female (pistillate)		Selfing, Outcrossing		Biotic (animal)	Bees, Beetles, Butterflies, Flies, Wasps	Achene			Indehiscent	Fruit	Animals, Gravity	Moderate		Spring, Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer	No		June, July, August, September	Infloresence	Dry fruit, Hard seed		Lygus bugs, Insects				X-ray		Clipping, Plucking, Stripping	Clippers, Containers, Gloves		Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating		Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.)	Yes	0.20	0.02	0.37	124	Physiological (needs stratification)	No			No			95	29	99	123	93	32	99	124	91	73	98	70	1,170,630	111,669.00	14,000,000.00	123	991,904	680,300.00	1,395,836.00	70	Orthodox	Yes	2 yrs	Yes	Row cover, Sawdust		Drill	Fall, Late fall, Winter	3-4 lbs/ acre	0.25-0.5	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	One, Two	June, July		Good	Mechanical, Combine, Swather	100 - 400 lbs/acre	>3	Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial)	Yes	Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial)	Broadcast, Drill	Fall, Late fall, Winter	<0.25	Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches	Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots