How to use this Lookup Table
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This table allows you to search and filter for forb species with certain attributes. Most columns can be filtered using the second row of the table. Information is grouped into categories indicated and color coded according to graphic below.
Clicking on any row will bring up the entirety of data available for the species including a photo and distribution map of the species, descriptions for many of the yes/no columns, a link back to the complete species review, and more.
Empty cells indicate a lack of this information currently or as of the posting of the species' review.
| Species Image | Image credit | Common name | Plant family (Scientific) | Plant family (Common) | Genus | Species | More information | Recent scientific name change? | Alternate scientific name | Subtaxa? | Hybridization? | Degree of hybridization | Hybridizes within | Polyploid? | Life cycle | Longevity | Growth form | Growth habit | Max height at maturity (in) | Min height at maturity (in) | Max width at maturity (in) | Min width at maturity (in) | Stem leaves | Basal leaves | Leaf arrangement | Leaf persistence | Leaf type | Root system | Max root depth (in) | Max root spread (in) | Occurrence | Occurrence map | Map description | Major plant associations | Max elevation (ft) | Min elevation (ft) | Max precipitation (in) | Min precipitation (in) | Soil texture range | Predominant soil texture | Soil pH, salinity, sodicity | Description of soil pH, salinity, sodicity | Soil depth | Successional status | Disturbance tolerance | Light requirement | Inflorescence type | Flowers per inflorescence | Individual flower color | Flower type | Flower type details | Pollination type | Pollination agent | Animal pollinators | Fruit description | Plant flowering and fruit ripening pattern | Description of flowering and fruit ripening pattern | Dehiscence | Dispersal unit | Dispersal agent | Dispersal rate | Description of seed dispersal and rate | Flowering phenology (location dependent) | More than one flowering event possible in a single growing season (e.g. flowers in spring and again in fall)? | Date of fruit maturation (location dependent) | Structure collected | Maturation indicators | Seed color | Common seed predators | Characteristics of damaged, low quality fruit/seed | Uniformity of ripening | Description of fruit ripening (within and among plants) | Quick tests of seed fill/quality | Harvest window duration | Wildland harvest method(s) | Wildland harvest equipment | Post-harvest management | Special post-harvest management notes | General seed cleaning procedure | Seed cleaning protocol available? | Average clean-out ratio (clean/rough) | Clean-out ratio (min) | Clean-out ratio (max) | Clean-out ratio (number of samples) | Seed dormancy type | AOSA protocol for evaluating viability? | Time required to test viability | Viability protocol is for the: | AOSA test for germination? | Time required to test germination | Germination test is for the: | Average purity (%) | Purity (min %) | Purity (max %) | Purity sample size (n) | Average fill (%) | Fill (min %) | Fill (max %) | Fill sample size (n) | Average viability (%) | Viability (min %) | Viability (max %) | Viability sample size (n) | Average cleaned seeds/lb | Cleaned seeds/lb (min) | Cleaned seeds/lb (max) | Cleaned seeds/lb sample size (n) | PLS (min) | PLS (max) | PLS sample size (n) | Seed type | Cold storage required? | Seed production research conducted? | Soil protective measures | Treatments to enhance germination (Seed Production) | Method (equipment) | Seeding date | Seeding depth (in) | Does fertilization increase seed yield? | Irrigation increase seed yield? | Managed pollinators effective? | Known agricultural pests/diseases? | Plant age (yr) at first harvest | Harvest date | Seed ripening pattern | Seed retention | Harvesting method/equipment | Stand life (yrs) | Treatments to enhance germination (Nursery) | Wildland protocols available | Treatments to enhance germination (Wildland Seeding) | Wildland Seeding Machinery | Seeding Date | Seeding Depth (in) | Seed mix | Planting seedlings used to | ||||||||||
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| Species Image | Image credit | Common name | Plant family (Scientific) | Plant family (Common) | Genus | Species | More information | Recent scientific name change? | Alternate scientific name | Subtaxa? | Hybridization? | Degree of hybridization | Hybridizes within | Polyploid? | Life cycle | Longevity | Longevity description | Growth form | Growth habit | Max height at maturity (in) | Min height at maturity (in) | Max width at maturity (in) | Min width at maturity (in) | Stem leaves | Basal leaves | Leaf arrangement | Leaf persistence | Leaf type | Root system | Max root depth (in) | Max root spread (in) | Occurrence | Occurrence map | Map description | Major plant associations | Max elevation (ft) | Min elevation (ft) | Max precipitation (in) | Min precipitation (in) | Soil texture range | Predominant soil texture | Soil pH, salinity, sodicity | Description of soil pH, salinity, sodicity | Soil depth | Soil description | Successional status | Disturbance tolerance | Disturbance tolerance description | Light requirement | Inflorescence type | Flowers per inflorescence | Individual flower color | Flower type | Flower type details | Pollination type | Pollination description | Pollination agent | Animal pollinators | Fruit description | Plant flowering and fruit ripening pattern | Description of flowering and fruit ripening pattern | Dehiscence | Dispersal unit | Dispersal agent | Dispersal rate | Description of seed dispersal and rate | Flowering phenology (location dependent) | More than one flowering event possible in a single growing season (e.g. flowers in spring and again in fall)? | Time from flowering to fruit maturation (days) | Date of fruit maturation (location dependent) | Structure collected | Maturation indicators | Seed color | Common seed predators | Characteristics of damaged, low quality fruit/seed | Uniformity of ripening | Description of fruit ripening (within and among plants) | Quick tests of seed fill/quality | Harvest window duration | Wildland harvest method(s) | Wildland harvest equipment | Wildland harvest rate | Post-harvest management | Special post-harvest management notes | General seed cleaning procedure | Seed cleaning protocol available? | Average clean-out ratio (clean/rough) | Clean-out ratio (min) | Clean-out ratio (max) | Clean-out ratio (number of samples) | Seed dormancy type | AOSA protocol for evaluating viability? | Time required to test viability | Viability protocol is for the: | AOSA test for germination? | Time required to test germination | Germination test is for the: | Average purity (%) | Purity (min %) | Purity (max %) | Purity sample size (n) | Average fill (%) | Fill (min %) | Fill (max %) | Fill sample size (n) | Average viability (%) | Viability (min %) | Viability (max %) | Viability sample size (n) | Average cleaned seeds/lb | Cleaned seeds/lb (min) | Cleaned seeds/lb (max) | Cleaned seeds/lb sample size (n) | Average pure live seeds (PLS)/lb | PLS (min) | PLS (max) | PLS sample size (n) | Seed type | Cold storage required? | Longevity (yrs) | Seed production research conducted? | Soil protective measures | Treatments to enhance germination (Seed Production) | Method (equipment) | Seeding date | Seeding rate with units | Seeding depth (in) | Does fertilization increase seed yield? | Irrigation increase seed yield? | Managed pollinators effective? | Known agricultural pests/diseases? | Plant age (yr) at first harvest | Harvest date | Seed ripening pattern | Seed retention | Harvesting method/equipment | Seed yield (average and range) | Stand life (yrs) | Treatments to enhance germination (Nursery) | Wildland protocols available | Treatments to enhance germination (Wildland Seeding) | Wildland Seeding Machinery | Seeding Date | Seeding Depth (in) | Seed mix | Planting seedlings used to |
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BLM ID230 SOS. | Fernleaf biscuitroot | Apiaceae | Carrot family | Lomatium | dissectum | https://westernforbs.org/species/fernleaf-biscuitroot-lomatium-dissectum/ | Yes | No | None | No | Perennial | Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | 10+ yrs | Forb | Erect/ascending | 60 | Yes | Yes | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Compound | Tap | 24 | AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY, AB, BC, SK |  |
Distribution of fernleaf biscuitroot (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1882-2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Low sage, Sagebrush, Riparian, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Oak woodlands, Aspen, Dry forest, Mesic forest | 10,700 | 490 | 12 | Clay, Silt, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Rocky, gravelly | Neutral, Acidic, Alkaline | Moderate, Shallow | Mid, Late (climax) | Fire | Mostly tolerant, but sensitive to root feeding by rodents | Full sun, Partial sun | Umbel | 11-100, >100 | Green, Purple, Yellow | Perfect, Male (staminate) | Perfect flowers are generally on longer rays, male flowers on shorter rays. | Outcrossing | Biotic (animal) | Bees | Schizocarp | Determinate | Indehiscent | Fruit | Animals, Gravity | Moderate | Early spring, Spring, Late spring, Early summer, Summer | No | 35-73 | May, June, July, August | Fruit, Infloresence | Dry fruit, Straw, brown colored stems | Fruit brown, parchment colored wings, detaches readily | Aphids, Insects, Livestock, Native ungulates | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Determinate | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test, X-ray, Other | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Stripping, Swatting/beating | Containers, Gloves, Paddles, Racquets | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.49 | 0.07 | 0.81 | 25 | Physiological (needs stratification) | Yes | 40 hrs | Yes | 56 - 91 days | 92 | 75 | 99 | 25 | 84 | 56 | 95 | 25 | 89 | 54 | 97 | 21 | 31,687.00 | 3,660.00 | 66,704.00 | 25 | 25,245 | 1,739.00 | 54,679.00 | 21 | Orthodox | Yes | 3.5+ yrs | Yes | Row cover, Weed fabric, Sawdust | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Drill | Fall | 20 - 30 PLS/ ft | <0.25, 0.25-0.5 | Trial results provided | Yes, Trial results provided | Yes | Yes | Three, Four | May, June | Determinate | Moderate | Hand, Mechanical, Vacuum harvester | 475 - 968.5 lbs/ acre | >3 | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Yes | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Fall | <0.25, 0.25-0.5 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | ||||||||||||||||||||
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USDA USFS. | Gray’s biscuitroot | Apiaceae | Carrot family | Lomatium | grayi | https://westernforbs.org/species/grays-biscuitroot-lomatium-grayi/ | No | Yes | No | None | No | Perennial | Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | 7+ yrs | Forb | Erect/ascending | 36 | 24 | No | Yes | Compound | Tap | 60 | CA, CO |  |
Distribution of Gray’s biscuitroot (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1881-2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). | Semi-desert grasslands, Low sage, Sagebrush, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Oak woodlands, Dry forest | 6,890 | 0 | 20 | 8 | Clay, Silt, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Rocky, gravelly | Neutral | Shallow | Can occur in ephemeral/intermittent streambeds, and on sites with fine subsoils. | Pioneer, Early | Little research has been done on non-herbivory disturbance, but heavy root-grazing often leads to steep decreases in survival. | Full sun | Umbel | 11-100, >100 | Yellow | Outcrossing | Biotic (animal) | Bees, Flies | Schizocarp | Determinate | Indehiscent | Fruit | Animals, Gravity | Slow | Early spring, Spring, Late spring, Early summer | No | 5 - 8 wks | May, June, July | Fruit, Infloresence | Dry fruit, Hard seed, Straw, brown colored stems | Fruit brown with parchment wings, brittle | Aphids, Weevils, Insects, Rodents, Livestock, Native ungulates | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Determinate | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test, Other | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Stripping | Containers, Gloves, Racquets | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Protect from overheating | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.46 | 0.24 | 0.79 | 9 | Physiological (needs stratification) | Yes | 64 hrs | Yes | 56 - 91 days | 94 | 85 | 99 | 9 | 76 | 52 | 95 | 9 | 86 | 73 | 96 | 8 | 46,461.00 | 26,000.00 | 56,000.00 | 9 | 38,636 | 21,965.00 | 48,272.00 | 8 | Orthodox | Yes | 3 - 4 yrs | Yes | Row cover, Weed fabric, Sawdust, Sand | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Drill | Fall | 20 - 30 PLS/linear ft | 0.25-0.5 | Yes | Trial results provided | Unknown | Yes | Two, Three | May, June, July | Determinate | Moderate | Hand, Mechanical, Combine, Vacuum harvester | 300 - 1200 lb/acre | >3 | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Yes | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Fall, Late fall, Winter, Early spring | 0.25-0.5 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | ||||||||||||||||||||
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BLM OR090A SOS. | Barestem biscuitroot | Apiaceae | Carrot family | Lomatium | nudicaule | https://westernforbs.org/species/barestem-biscuitroot-lomatium-nudicaule/ | No | No | None | No | Perennial | Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | Forb | Erect/ascending | 28 | 14 | No, Variable, few to none | Yes, Sometimes | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Compound | Tap | 36 | CA, ID, NV, OR, UT, WA, BC |  |
Distribution of barestem biscuitroot (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1881-2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Low sage, Sagebrush, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Oak woodlands, Dry forest, Mesic forest | 8,300 | 590 | 12 | Clay, Silt, Sand, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Rocky, gravelly | Shallow | Often on low moisture-holding soils that are saturated in spring, but dry later. | Mid | Tolerates aboveground disturbance, but is susceptible to belowground herbivory or disturbances. | Full sun | Umbel | 11-100, >100 | Yellow | Perfect, Male (staminate) | Perfect flowers on longer rays; male flowers on shorter rays. | Selfing, Outcrossing | Primarily outcrossing. | Biotic (animal) | Bees | Schizocarp | Determinate | Indehiscent | Fruit | Animals, Gravity | Slow | Spring, Late spring, Early summer, Summer | No | 70 | May, June, July, August, September | Fruit | Dry fruit | fruit straw colored, seed striped with brown | Aphids, Livestock, Native ungulates | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Determinate | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test, Other | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Stripping | Containers, Gloves | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart fruit structures to extract individual seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.), Other | Yes | 0.63 | 0.21 | 0.91 | 23 | Physiological (needs stratification) | Yes | 40 hrs | No | 94 | 78 | 99 | 23 | 90 | 73 | 99 | 23 | 92 | 82 | 97 | 16 | 45,127.00 | 24,000.00 | 81,000.00 | 23 | 35,904 | 22,037.00 | 64,719.00 | 16 | Intermediate | Yes | 3+ yrs | Yes | Row cover, Sawdust | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Drill | Fall | 20 - 30 PLS/ft | 0.25-0.5 | Variable, Trial results provided | No | Yes | Three | June | Uniform | Good | Hand, Combine | 54 - 701 lbs/acre | >3 | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Yes | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Fall | 0.25-0.5 | Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches, Add to overall seed mix if drill seeding | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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BLM OR014 SOS. | Bigseed biscuitroot | Apiaceae | Carrot family | Lomatium | macrocarpum | https://westernforbs.org/species/bigseed-biscuitroot-lomatium-macrocarpum/ | No | No | None | No | Perennial | Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | Forb | Erect/ascending | 24 | 4 | Yes | Yes | Alternate, Opposite | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Compound | Tap | 36 | CA, CO, ID, MT, ND, NV, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY, AB, BC, MB, SK |  |
Distribution of bigseed biscuitroot (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1833–2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Sagebrush, Chaparral, Pinyon-Juniper, Oak woodlands, Dry forest | 9,840 | 490 | 20 | 8 | Silt, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Rocky, gravelly, Coarse | Shallow | Bigseed biscuitroot commonly grows in dry, shallow, gravelly or rocky lithosols. It is also found on serpentine and basaltic talus soils. | Mid, Late (climax) | Fire | Tolerates dormant season fires. | Full sun | Umbel | >100 | Pink, White, Yellow | Perfect, Male (staminate) | Generally perfect flowers on longer rays, mail flowers on shorter rays. | Outcrossing | Biotic (animal) | Butterflies, Flies, Moths | Schizocarp | Determinate and indeterminate | Indehiscent | Fruit | Gravity | Moderate | Spring, Late spring, Early summer | No | approx. 61-86 | May, June, July, August, September | Fruit | Dry fruit, Hard seed | Schizocarp wings parchment colored, center striped with dark brown. | Aphids | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Determinate | Fingernail pressure test | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Clipping, Stripping, Swatting/beating | Clippers, Containers, Gloves | Collection can be moderately time consuming as the flowering stems are often less than 1 foot tall. | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | No | 0.53 | 0.06 | 0.70 | 18 | Physiological (needs stratification) | No | Use test for the Apiaceae family. The test requires 20 to 32 hours. | No | Stratification for up to 90 days may be required. | 91 | 73 | 99 | 18 | 89 | 85 | 97 | 18 | 88 | 77 | 95 | 10 | 34,335.00 | 4,600.00 | 63,000.00 | 18 | 20,355 | 3,636.00 | 41,391.00 | 10 | Intermediate | Yes | No | Drill | Fall, Late fall | <0.25 | Yes | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Yes | Broadcast, Drill | Fall, Late fall | <0.25 | Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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BLM OR014 SOS. | Nineleaf biscuitroot | Apiaceae | Carrot family | Lomatium | triternatum | https://westernforbs.org/species/nineleaf-biscuitroot-lomatium-triternatum/ | Yes | No | None | Yes | Perennial | Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | Forb | Erect/ascending | 32 | 8 | Yes | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Compound | Tap | CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY, AB, BC |  |
Distribution of nineleaf biscuitroot (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1881-2016. . Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Low sage, Sagebrush, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Dry forest, Mesic forest | 10,000 | 660 | 25 | 8 | Clay, Silt, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Rocky, gravelly, Coarse | Neutral, Acidic, Alkaline | pH of 6.5 to 8 reported. | Deep, Moderate | Nineleaf biscuitroot commonly grows in relatively neutral (6.5–8.8 pH), well-drained or dry, rocky soils, but also occurs on soils of medium to fine texture. | Mid, Late (climax) | Fire, Grazing | Nineleaf buiscuitroot's above-ground growth structure and phenology make it drought, grazing, and fire tolerant. | Full sun | Umbel | 11-100, >100 | Yellow | Perfect, Male (staminate) | In general, flowers on longer rays are perfect, while those on shorter rays are male. | Outcrossing | Bees represented eight genera, predominantly pollen specialists: 51% mini-mining bees (Micrandrena spp., an Andrena subgenus), 32% nonsocial, ground-nesting, mining bees, 0.7% small carpenter bees (Ceratina spp.), 4% sweat bees (Halictus spp.), 8% sweat bees (Lasioglossum spp.), 2% cuckoo bees. | Biotic (animal) | Bees | Schizocarp | Determinate and indeterminate | Indehiscent | Fruit | Gravity | Moderate | Spring, Late spring, Early summer | No | 48 - 89 | May, June, July, August, September | Fruit, Infloresence | Dry fruit, Hard seed | Wings parchment colored, center with brown or black stripes | Aphids, Rodents | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Indeterminate | Fingernail pressure test, X-ray | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Stripping, Swatting/beating | Containers, Gloves, Paddles, Racquets | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.70 | 0.10 | 0.80 | 26 | Physiological (needs stratification), Morphological (needs afterripening) | No | 18 hrs | No | Up to 9 weeks of stratification may be required | 92 | 66 | 99 | 26 | 87 | 50 | 98 | 26 | 88 | 59 | 98 | 25 | 50,464.00 | 32,000.00 | 87,000.00 | 26 | 38,740 | 14,807.00 | 73,602.00 | 25 | Intermediate | Yes | 20+ | Yes | Row cover, Weed fabric, Sawdust | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Drill | Fall, Late fall | 20-30 PLS/ft (drilling). Holes in weed barrier fabric spaced 18-24 inches apart. | <0.25, 0.25-0.5, 0.5-1 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Two, Three, Four | June, July | Determinate, Indeterminate | Moderate | Hand, Mechanical | 1,213 lbs/acre (28 - 3,196 lbs/acre) on experimental plots | >3 | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Yes | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Broadcast, Drill | Fall, Late fall | <0.25 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | ||||||||||||||||||
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USDI BLM WY020 SOS. | Pale agoseris | Asteraceae | Aster family | Agoseris | glauca | https://westernforbs.org/species/pale-agoseris-agoseris-glauca/ | Yes | Yes | None | Yes | Perennial | Short-lived (1-3 yrs) | Forb | Erect/ascending | 24 | 24 | 2 | No | Yes | Alternate | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Simple | Tap | 24 | AK, AZ, CA, CO, IA, ID, KS, MI, MN, MT, ND, NE, NM, NV, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY, AB, BC, MB, NT, ON, SK |  |
Distribution of pale agoseris (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1881–2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Sagebrush, Riparian, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Oak woodlands, Aspen, Dry forest, Mesic forest | 12,500 | 399 | 5 | Clay, Silt, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Rocky, gravelly, Coarse | Alkaline, Saline | Tolerates slightly alkaline or saline soils. | Deep, Moderate, Shallow | Pale agoseris is considered very adaptable, growing in many variations of soils and moisture conditions | Pioneer, Early, Mid, Late (climax) | Fire, Soil disturbance | Plant abundance tends to decrease with sheep grazing and increase with cattle grazing | Full sun | Head | 11-100, >100 | Yellow | Perfect | Outcrossing | Biotic (animal) | Bees, Butterflies, Flies, Wasps | Achene | Determinate | Indehiscent | Fruit | Wind | Rapid | Spring, Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer | No | May, June, July, August, September | Fruit, Infloresence | Dry fruit, Hard seed, Pappus expanded | Golden brown | Insects, Diseases (fungi) | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Mold or disease visible, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Determinate | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), X-ray | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Plucking, Swatting/beating | Clippers, Containers, Gloves, Hoppers, Paddles, Racquets | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Ripening heads commonly contain developing insects so control is necessary. Herbage contains milky juice so thorough drying is necessary to prevent molding. | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove seed appendages (i.e. pappus/ wings), Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.19 | 0.02 | 0.62 | 32 | Physiological (needs stratification), Not dormant | Yes | 1-2 days (test is for the Asteraceae) | No | 96 | 90 | 99 | 32 | 92 | 62 | 99 | 32 | 92 | 85 | 97 | 12 | 195,767.00 | 96,300.00 | 266,800.00 | 32 | 160,511 | 92,477.00 | 209,328.00 | 12 | Orthodox | No | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Drill | Fall, Late fall | Yes | Yes | May, June, July, August, September | Determinate | Poor | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | No | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Broadcast, Drill | Fall, Late fall | 0.25-0.5, 0.5-1 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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SOS Provo Shrub Sciences Laboratory (PSSL). | Showy goldeneye | Asteraceae | Aster family | Heliomeris | multiflora | https://westernforbs.org/species/showy-goldeneye-heliomeris-multiflora/ | Yes | Viguiera multiflora | Yes | No | None | Yes | Perennial | Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | Produced seed for 7 yrs in a seed field. | Forb, Subshrub | Erect/ascending | 51 | Yes | No | Alternate, Opposite | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Simple | Tap and fibrous | AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, ND, NM, NV, OR, SD, TX, UT, WY, MX - BN, MX - JA, MX - SO |  |
Distribution of showy goldeneye (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1881-2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USGS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Salt desert, Sagebrush, Riparian, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Aspen, Dry forest, Mesic forest | 11,800 | 2,600 | 26 | 14 | Clay, Silt, Sand, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Coarse, Medium | Neutral, Acidic, Alkaline | Described as occurring on acidic to basic soils, but it occurred on granite soils with pH 6.1, but not on limestone soil with pH 7.8 in Cochise Co., Arizona. | Deep, Moderate, Shallow | Pioneer, Early, Mid, Late (climax) | Fire | Positive with respect to fire but unpredictable with grazing, likely depending on timing and livestock type. | Full sun, Partial sun, Shade | Head | 11-100, >100 | Yellow | Perfect | Ray flowers are sterile, disk flowers are perfect and fertile. | Outcrossing | Biotic (animal) | Bees | Achene | Indeterminate | Flowering occurs over several months - some heads will be mature while others are just forming. | Indehiscent | Fruit | Animals, Gravity | Moderate | Due to different maturation of seedheads within a population, seed dispersal occurs over several months. | Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer, Early fall, Fall | No | >55 | May, June, July, August, September, October, November | Fruit, Infloresence | Dry fruit, Hard seed | Brown to black | Insects, Rodents, Birds | Obvious predation | Indeterminate | Considerable variation in development and ripening of seedheads within a plant and the population. | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test, X-ray | Long (>3 wks) | Clipping, Stripping, Swatting/beating | Containers, Gloves | 0.01 - 0.7 lbs uncleaned seed/ person/ hr | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Dry thoroughly. High moisture content may be a problem for late season collections. | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.18 | 0.01 | 0.87 | 73 | Physiological (needs stratification), Morphological (needs afterripening) | No | Yes | 56+ days | Species | 96 | 68 | 99 | 73 | 92 | 82 | 99 | 73 | 94 | 78 | 98 | 59 | 880,633.00 | 477,473.00 | 1,542,857.00 | 59 | 796,193 | 458,565.00 | 1,300,712.00 | 59 | Orthodox | No | 2-7 yrs | Yes | Row cover, Weed fabric, Sawdust, Sand | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Afterripening, Chemical | Drill | Fall, Late fall | 20 - 40 PLS/ft | <0.25 | Yes | Yes | Yes | One, Two | July, August, September | Indeterminate | Moderate | Hand, Combine | 114.9 (28.7 - 271.7) lbs/acre | >3 | No | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Fall, Late fall, Winter | <0.25, 0.25-0.5 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | |||||||||||||
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USDI BLM NM930N SOS. | Hoary tansyaster | Asteraceae | Aster | Dieteria | canescens | https://westernforbs.org/species/dieteria-machaeranthera-canescens-hoary-tansyaster/ | Yes | Machaeranthera canescens | Yes | Yes | Common | The species (infrataxa), The genus (other species) | No | Annual, Biennial, Perennial | Short-lived (1-3 yrs) | Longevity varies with the subspecies. The artistata and glabra varieties typically grow as annuals or biennials, variety nebraskana grows as a biennial or short-lived perennial, and variety ziegleri is a perennial subshrub. | Forb, Subshrub | Decumbent/prostrate/spreading, Erect/ascending | 40 | 2.5 | Yes | Yes | Alternate | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Simple | Tap | AZ, CA, CO, IA, ID, KS, MT, ND, NE, NM, NV, OR, SD, TX, UT, WA, WI, WY, AB, BC, SK, MX - BN, MX - CH, MX - SO |  |
Distribution of hoary tansyaster (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1849-2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USGS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Low sage, Salt desert, Sagebrush, Warm desert, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Aspen, Dry forest, Mesic forest | 11,000 | 0 | 60 | 8 | Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Rocky, gravelly, Coarse | Neutral, Acidic, Alkaline | Tolerates pH range 6 to 8.4, but it is more common on alkaline soils. | Moderate | Hoary tansyaster grows well on medium- to coarse-textured soils with pH of 6 to 8.4 and rooting depths of at least 10 in (25 cm) (Tilley et al. 2014). It is common in loamy to sandy alkaline soils with gravel and rocks. | Pioneer, Early | Fire, Grazing, Soil disturbance | Hoary tansyaster is an early colonizer in both primary and secondary succession. It establishes readily from shattered seed. It is common on disturbed sites and its abundance and persistence may benefit from periodic disturbance. It is used by many wildlife species, but is little used by cattle. | Full sun | Head, Panicle, Raceme | 11-100 | Blue, Pink, Purple, White | Perfect, Female (pistillate) | Outcrossing | Biotic (animal) | Bees, Butterflies, Flies | Achene | Indeterminate | Timing of flowering varies among varieties and generally occurs over a long period. | Indehiscent | Fruit | Animals, Gravity, Wind | Rapid | Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer, Early fall, Fall | No | Four to five weeks | June, July, August, September, October, November | Fruit | Dry fruit, Hard seed, Pappus expanded | brown | Aphids, Insects, Diseases (fungi), Rodents | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Mold or disease visible, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Indeterminate | Variable | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), X-ray | Narrow (<1 wk) | Plucking, Stripping, Swatting/beating | Containers, Dust masks, Gloves, Racquets | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Seeds collected during cool or wet periods require careful and immediate drying. Vegetative material is sticky making careful drying necessary. | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove seed appendages (i.e. pappus/ wings), Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.15 | 0.00 | 0.83 | 121 | Not dormant | Yes | 2-3 days | Species | No | 91 | 30 | 99 | 121 | 91 | 68 | 99 | 122 | 89 | 49 | 99 | 94 | 1,116,176.00 | 252,000.00 | 2,180,769.00 | 121 | 921,408 | 405,784.00 | 1,949,184.00 | 94 | Orthodox | Unknown | Yes | Row cover, Weed fabric | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Drill, Hilling | Fall, Late fall | 0.35 to 2 lb/acre PLS or | <0.25 | No, Trial results provided | Yes | Yes | One | July, August, September, October | Indeterminate | Poor | Hand, Mechanical, Combine, Vacuum harvester, Swather | 200-400 lbs/acre bulk | 1-2 | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Yes | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Broadcast, Drill | Fall, Late fall | <0.25 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | ||||||||||||
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M. Lavin, Montana State University. | Sagebrush false dandelion | Asteraceae | Aster family | Nothocalais | troximoides | https://westernforbs.org/species/nothocalais-troximoides-sagebrush-false-dandelion/ | No | Yes | Rare | The genus (other species) | No | Perennial | Unknown | Forb | Decumbent/prostrate/spreading, Erect/ascending | 18 | 2 | 24 | 4 | No | Yes | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Simple | Tap | CA, ID, MT, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY, BC |  |
Distribution of sagebrush false dandelion (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1876-2016 (dates not available for all points). Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USGS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Sagebrush, Pinyon-Juniper, Oak woodlands, Dry forest | 8,763 | 160 | Clay, Silt, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Rocky, gravelly, Medium | Neutral, Alkaline | Deep, Moderate, Shallow | Often grows on shallow, rocky soils derived from basalt or rhyolite with soils that may be saturated in winter and spring and subject to frost heaving. | Pioneer, Early, Mid, Late (climax) | Fire, Soil disturbance | Plants may tolerate fall burns but be sensitive to spring burning. Roots are used by pocket gophers. Seeds are used by sage-grouse. |
Full sun | Head | 11-100 | Orange, Yellow | Perfect | Pollination of the species has not been studied. | Achene | Indeterminate | Flowering and fruit ripening are fairly uniform within seed heads, but vary among seed heads within individual plants and among plants in a population. | Indehiscent | Fruit | Animals, Gravity, Wind | Moderate | Dispersal rate varies with local wind speeds. | Early spring, Spring, Late spring, Early summer | No | About 2 months. | May, June, July | Fruit | Dry fruit, Hard seed, Pappus expanded, Straw, brown colored stems | Beige to light brown | Weevils, Birds | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Mold or disease visible, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Indeterminate | Ripening is variable within and among plants., but uniform within seed heads. | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test, X-ray | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Plucking | Containers, Dust masks, Gloves | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Remove vegetative material, which contains milky juice, and dry the seeds promptly to avoid molding. | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove seed appendages (i.e. pappus/ wings), Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | No | 0.36 | 0.13 | 0.64 | 51 | Not dormant | No | No | 98 | 92 | 99 | 51 | 90 | 70 | 99 | 51 | 93 | 88 | 97 | 16 | 166,524.00 | 77,538.00 | 396,572.00 | 51 | 162,056 | 71,538.00 | 396,572.00 | 16 | Orthodox | Unknown | No | Yes | 150 lbs/acre | No | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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USDI BLM SOS NM930 | Prairie sunflower | Asteraceae | Aster family | Helianthus | petiolaris | Yes | Yes | Common | The genus (other species) | No | Annual | Short-lived (1-3 yrs) | Annual plant. | Forb | Erect/ascending | 78 | 16 | Yes | Sometimes | Alternate | Annual plant | Simple | Tap | AK, AZ, CA, CO, DC, DE, IA, ID, IL, IN, KS, MD, MI, MN, MO, MT, ND, NE, NJ, NM, NV, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, TX, UT, VA, WA, WI, WV, WY, AB, MB, ON, SK |  |
Distribution of prairie sunflower (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1842-2023. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Interactive maps, legends, and a mobile app are available (https://www.fs.usda.gov/wwetac/Seedzonemapping.php). Map prepared by Sarah Barga and Benton Spendlove USFS RMRS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Salt desert, Sagebrush, Warm desert, Riparian, Pinyon-Juniper, Dry forest | 8,200 | 30 | 24 | 8 | Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Medium | Described as non-salt tolerant, but also occurs in salt desert shrublands | Deep, Moderate | Deep sandy soils and active sand dunes are common habitats. | Pioneer, Early | Fire, Grazing, Soil disturbance | Commonly associated with early seral conditions and disturbed sites. Commonly occurs in abandoned agricultural fields, burned areas and heavily-grazed sites. | Full sun, Partial sun | Head | >100 | Yellow, Brown | Perfect | Ray flowers are sterile, disk flowers are perfect. | Outcrossing | Flowers are obligate outcrossing. | Biotic (animal) | Bees, Insects, Wasps | Achene | Indeterminate | Flowers within a head are determinate. Flowering is indeterminate within and among plants in a population. | Indehiscent | Fruit | Animals, Gravity | Slow | Dispersal can occur over as much as 3 or 4 months. | Spring, Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer | No | 40 | July, August, September, October | Infloresence | Dehiscing (splitting) fruit, Dry fruit, Hard seed | Gray with darker streaks. | Insects, Rodents, Birds, Livestock, Native ungulates | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Determinate, Indeterminate | Ripening within heads is determinate, but indeterminate within and among plants in a population. | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test, X-ray | Long (>3 wks) | Clipping | Clippers, Dust masks, Gloves, Goggles, Hoppers | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Break apart fruit structures to extract individual seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | No | 0.22 | 0.06 | 0.42 | 17 | Physiological (needs stratification), Physical (needs scarification), Unknown | Yes | 2 days | Genus | Yes | 7 days | Species | 96 | 78 | 99 | 17 | 91 | 73 | 98 | 17 | 96 | 91 | 98 | 15 | 162,626.00 | 74,000.00 | 284,550.00 | 17 | 144,109 | 71,062.00 | 206,906.00 | 15 | Orthodox | Unknown | Viability up to 20 years when stored in a jsr at 68-72F and ~22% RH. | Yes | Spring | Unknown | Yes | One | June, July, August, September, October | Good | 1500 lbs/acre (not indicated whether this was bulk or cleaned) | 1-2 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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USDI BLM ID931 SOS. | Bigflower agoseris | Asteraceae | Aster family | Agoseris | grandiflora | https://westernforbs.org/species/bigflower-agoseris-agoseris-grandiflora/ | Yes | Yes | Rare | The genus (other species) | No | Perennial | Short-lived (1-3 yrs) | Bigflower agoseris is a short-lived, colonizing species | Forb | Erect/ascending | 33 | 32 | 8 | No | Yes | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Simple | Tap | CA, ID, MT, NV, OR, WA, BC |  |
Distribution of bigflower agoseris (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1880–2023. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Sagebrush, Chaparral, Pinyon-Juniper, Dry forest | 8,200 | 30 | 29 | 12 | Clay, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Rocky, gravelly, Fine | Neutral | Deep, Moderate, Shallow | Bigflower agoseris tolerates a broad range of soil types | Pioneer, Early | Fire, Grazing, Soil disturbance | Full sun | Head | 11-100, >100 | Yellow | Perfect | Outcrossing | Biotic (animal) | Insects | Achene | Indeterminate | Indehiscent | Fruit | Wind | Moderate | Late spring, Early summer | No | June, July, August | Fruit, Infloresence | Dry fruit, Hard seed, Pappus expanded | Gray-brown | Insects | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Mold or disease visible, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Indeterminate | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), X-ray | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Clipping, Plucking | Clippers, Containers, Gloves, Paddles, Racquets | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Seedheads may support developing insects; control is necessary. Dry carefully as herbage contains a milky juice and molding may occur. | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove seed appendages (i.e. pappus/ wings), Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.39 | 0.29 | 0.57 | 9 | Not dormant | No | 2 days using the AOSA guidelines for Asteraceae | No | 98 | 95 | 99 | 9 | 93 | 87 | 99 | 9 | 95 | 85 | 98 | 8 | 506,834.00 | 348,112.00 | 761,073.00 | 9 | 486438 | 330,915.00 | 723,476.00 | 8 | Orthodox | At least 5 years at 40C (moisture content not stated) | Yes | Weed fabric | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Drill | Fall, Late fall, Winter, Early spring, Spring | 4 PLS pounds/acre | <0.25, 0.25-0.5 | Yes | One | June, July, August, September | Indeterminate | Hand, Vacuum harvester, Collect from paper | 400 lbs/acre (stand established from plugs) | 1-2 | Yes | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Broadcast, Drill | Fall, Late fall | <0.25, 0.25-0.5 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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BLM CA350, SOS. | Largeflower hawksbeard | Asteraceae | Aster family | Crepis | occidentalis | https://westernforbs.org/species/largeflower-hawksbeard-crepis-occidentalis/ | Yes | Yes | Common | The genus (other species) | Yes | Perennial | Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | Hawksbeard species are somewhat long-lived since they take 3 to 5 years to reach reproductive maturity | Forb | Erect/ascending | 16 | 3 | Yes | Yes | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Simple | Tap | 8 | AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, ND, NM, NV, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY |  |
Distribution of largeflower hawksbeard (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1865-2023. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by S. Barga and B. Bautch-Breitung, USDA Forest Service, RMRS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Sagebrush, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Aspen, Dry forest | 9,020 | 2,000 | 18 | 12 | Clay, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Rocky, gravelly, Medium, Fine | Neutral, Alkaline | Deep | Largeflower hawksbeard often occupies well-drained sites with deep, rich soils, but it also grows on a variety of soil textures and soil depths. | Pioneer | Fire, Grazing, Soil disturbance | Full sun | Head | 11-100 | Yellow | Perfect | Outcrossing, Apomictic | Largeflower hawksbeard reproduces from seed, which is produced sexually in diploid plant forms and asexually through mostly or wholly apomixis in polyploid forms. Most apomictic forms produce some viable pollen. | Biotic (animal) | Bees | Achene | Indeterminate | Indehiscent | Fruit | Wind | Moderate | Spring, Late spring, Early summer, Summer | No | June, July | Fruit | Dry fruit, Hard seed, Pappus expanded | Dark brown | Insects | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Indeterminate | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), X-ray | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Stripping, Swatting/beating | Containers, Gloves, Paddles, Racquets | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Any vegetative material (e.g., stems, large leaves) should be removed from collected seed to reduce the moisture content and thus the potential for molding. This is especially important for largeflower hawksbeard because of the milky sap in vegetative material. | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove seed appendages (i.e. pappus/ wings), Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.26 | 0.01 | 0.60 | 28 | Unknown | Yes | No | 99 | 93 | 99 | 28 | 88 | 70 | 99 | 28 | 92 | 75 | 98 | 26 | 112,997.00 | 83,300.00 | 152,000.00 | 28 | 96,200 | 72,721.00 | 131,085.00 | 26 | Orthodox | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Photo: ©Keir Morse 2010, CalPhotos | Cutleaf daisy | Asteraceae | Aster Family | Erigeron | compositus | No | No | Unknown | Yes | Perennial | Unknown | Forb | Clumping/caespitose | 10 | 1 | 164 | Variable, few to none | Yes | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Compound | Tap | 10 | AK, AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, UT, WY, AB, BC, MB, NL, NT, NU, ON, SK, YT |  |
Distribution of cutleaf daisy based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1861-2018 (CPNWH 2017; SEINet 2020; USDI USGS 2020). Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) (Bower et al. 2014) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines) (Omernik 1987; USDI EPA 2018). Interactive maps, legends, and a mobile app are available (USDA FS WWETAC 2017; research.fs.usda.gov/pnw/products/dataandtools/seed-zone-webmap). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Low sage, Sagebrush, Aspen, Dry forest, Mesic forest, Subalpine, alpine | 14,100 | 5,900 | 16 | 12 | Silt, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Rocky, gravelly, Coarse | Neutral, Alkaline | Reported to pH8. | Shallow | Pioneer, Early, Mid, Late (climax) | Fire, Grazing, Soil disturbance | The species often increases with grazing. | Full sun | Head | 11-100 | Blue, Pink, Yellow | Perfect | Disk flowers are numerous. Ray flowers, if present, number 20 to 60. | Outcrossing, Apomictic | Plant populations may be apomictic or sexual. | Biotic (animal) | Bees | Achene | Determinate and indeterminate | Flowering is somewhat determinate within flowers, but may differ among flower heads within and among plants. | Indehiscent | Fruit | Gravity, Wind | Moderate | Timing of dispersal varies among seedheads. Rate is not documented. | Spring, Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer | No | 30 to 60 days. | June, July, August | Fruit | Dry fruit, Hard seed, Pappus expanded | Brown | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Mold or disease visible, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Indeterminate | Achenes within a seed head may ripen uniformly, but ripening of seedheads within one plant and among different plants may vary. | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), X-ray | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Plucking | Containers, Gloves | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove seed appendages (i.e. pappus/ wings), Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | No | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.29 | 3 | Morphological (needs afterripening) | Yes | Family | No | 97 | 96 | 98 | 3 | 98 | 96 | 99 | 3 | 95 | 90 | 98 | 3 | 1,919,082.00 | 1,778,784.00 | 2,040,000.00 | 3 | 1,771,723 | 1,690,912.00 | 1,861,698.00 | 3 | Orthodox | Unknown | Yes | Afterripening | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Photo: USDI, BLM MT050, SOS | Spreading fleabane | Asteraceae | Aster family | Erigeron | divergens | No | Yes | Common | The genus (other species) | Yes | Annual, Biennial, Perennial | Short-lived (1-3 yrs) | Different populations may be annual, biennial, or perennial. | Forb | 28 | 3 | Yes | Yes | Alternate | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually), Annual plant | Simple | Tap | AZ, CA, CO, ID, KS, MT, ND, NE, NM, NV, OR, SD, TX, UT, WA, WY, AB, BC, MX - BN, MX - CH, MX - SO |  |
Distribution of spreading fleabane (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1871-2023 (CPNWH 2017; SEINet 2017; USDI USGS 2020). Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) (Bower et al. 2014) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines) (Omernik 1987; USDI EPA 2018). Interactive maps, legends, and a mobile app are available (USDA FS WWETAC 2017; https://www.fs.usda.gov/wwetac/Seedzonemapping.php). Map prepared by Sarah Barga, USFS RMRS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Salt desert, Warm desert, Chaparral, Riparian, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Oak woodlands, Aspen, Dry forest, Mesic forest | 160 | 9,500 | 34 | 11 | Sand, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Coarse, Medium | Deep, Moderate, Shallow | Pioneer, Early | Fire, Grazing, Soil disturbance | Full sun, Partial sun | Head | 11-100, >100 | Blue, Purple, White, Yellow | Perfect, Female (pistillate) | Ray flowers are pistillate, disk flowers are perfect. | Outcrossing, Apomictic | Biotic (animal) | Bees | Achene | Indeterminate | Seed ripening dates vary widely geographically and within plants and populations. | Indehiscent | Fruit | Gravity, Wind | Not well documented. May vary depending on wind conditions. | Early spring, Spring, Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer, Early fall, Fall | No | May, June, July, August, September | Fruit | Dry fruit, Hard seed, Pappus expanded | Brown | Indeterminate | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), X-ray | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Clipping, Stripping | Clippers, Containers, Dust masks, Gloves | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove seed appendages (i.e. pappus/ wings), Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.17 | 8 | Not dormant | No | 2 days | Species | No | 88 | 78 | 99 | 8 | 92 | 80 | 99 | 8 | 80 | 45 | 95 | 8 | 9,640,285.00 | 1,905,882.00 | 15,120,000.00 | 8 | 6,440,806 | 1,412,259.00 | 10,039,680.00 | 8 | Orthodox | Unknown | No | Yes | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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USDI BLM ID075 SOS | Scabland fleabane | Asteraceae | Aster family | Erigeron | bloomeri | https://westernforbs.org/species/scabland-fleabane-erigeron-bloomeri/ | Yes | Yes | Rare | Both infrataxa and genus | No | Perennial | Forb, Subshrub | Clumping/caespitose, Erect/ascending | 6 | 1.6 | Variable, few to none | Yes | Alternate | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Simple | Tap | CA, ID, NV, OR, UT, WA |  |
Distribution of scabland fleabane (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1868-2023 (CPNWH 2023; SEINet 2023; USDI USGS 2023). Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) (Bower et al. 2014) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines) (Omernik 1987; USDI EPA 2018). Interactive maps, legends, and a mobile app are available (USDA FS WWETAC 2017; research.fs.usda.gov/pnw/products/dataandtools/seed-zone-webmap). Map prepared by S. Barga, USDA Forest Service, RMRS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Low sage, Sagebrush, Chaparral, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Dry forest, Mesic forest | 9,800 | 2,600 | 16 | 8 | Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Rocky, gravelly, Coarse | Shallow | Dry, shallow, rocky soils from various parent materials, surface horizons often sandy with clay layers at depths of 3 to 8 in. Also occurs on serpentine soils. | Pioneer | Fire, Grazing, Soil disturbance | Response to fire is variable. Seedbank is short-lived. | Full sun | Head | 11-100 | Yellow | Perfect | Achene | Determinate | Seeds within individual flower heads ripen fairly uniformly, but variation may occur among heads within and among plants. | Indehiscent | Fruit | Gravity, Wind | Moderate | Late spring, Early summer, Summer | No | Flowering at some locations has been noted as late as September. | June, July | Fruit, Infloresence | Dehiscing (splitting) fruit, Dry fruit, Hard seed, Pappus expanded, Straw, brown colored stems | Golden brown | Insects, Birds, Livestock, Native ungulates | For collection purposes, ripening within seedheads is fairly uniform but varies among seedheads within and among plants. | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test, X-ray | Clipping, Stripping | Clippers, Containers, Gloves | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove seed appendages (i.e. pappus/ wings), Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | No | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.30 | 10 | Not dormant | No | 2 days (non-AOSA protocol) | Species | No | 95 | 86 | 99 | 10 | 92 | 86 | 99 | 10 | 94 | 88 | 97 | 9 | 647,998.00 | 561,386.00 | 827,000.00 | 10 | 561,511 | 449,558.00 | 672,865.00 | 9 | Orthodox | Unknown | No | No | Yes | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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USDI Bureau of Land Management (BLM) MT050 Seeds of Success (SOS). | Blanketflower | Asteraceae | Aster Family | Gaillardia | aristata | https://westernforbs.org/species/blanketflower-gaillardia-aristata/ | Yes | Yes | Unknown | The genus (other species) | Yes | Perennial | Short-lived (1-3 yrs) | Forb | Erect/ascending | 30 | 8 | Variable, few to none | Yes | Alternate | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Simple | Tap | 67 | CO, ID, MI, MN, MT, ND, NE, OR, SD, UT, WY |  |
Distribution of blanketflower (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1828-2019. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by Sarah Barga and Benton Spendlove, USFS RMRS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Sagebrush, Riparian, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Aspen, Dry forest, Mesic forest | 9,500 | 160 | 30 | 10 | Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Coarse | Acidic, Alkaline | Slightly acidic to slightly alkaline (pH 6.8 to 9) | Deep, Moderate | Blanketflower grows in low fertility, dry to mesic, well-drained, loamy to rocky, gravelly, or sandy soils that range from slightly acidic to mildly alkaline | Pioneer, Early, Mid, Late (climax) | Fire, Soil disturbance | Blanketflower is disturbance tolerant, and its abundance often increases with mechanical disturbance, fire, and grazing. | Full sun, Partial sun | Head | 11-100, >100 | Orange, Purple, Yellow | Perfect | Ray flowers are sterile, disk flowers are bisexual and fertile. | Outcrossing | Little research on pollination found. | Biotic (animal) | Bees, Beetles | Achene | Determinate, Determinate and indeterminate | Indehiscent | Fruit | Animals, Gravity | Slow | There is a wide collection window because seed maturation is indeterminate | Summer, Late summer, Early fall | Yes | 1 month or more | May, June, July, August, September, October | Fruit | Dry fruit, Hard seed | Gold to gray-brown | Insects, Livestock | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Determinate | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Clipping, Plucking | Clippers, Containers, Gloves, Hoppers | 0.28 lb of clean seed per hour. | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Break apart fruit structures to extract individual seeds | Yes | 0.26 | 0.09 | 0.39 | 13 | Physiological (needs stratification), Not dormant | No | 1-2 days | Genus | Yes | 10 days | Species | 98 | 95 | 99 | 13 | 90 | 70 | 99 | 13 | 92 | 69 | 98 | 12 | 193,684.00 | 114,200.00 | 339,267.00 | 13 | 173,702 | 96,248.00 | 276,850.00 | 12 | Orthodox | Yes | Up to 11 years with low seed moisture in hermetically sealed containers at -0.4 F. | Yes | Spring | 25 to 30 PLS/linear ft with 24, 30, or 36 inch rows spacing | <0.25 | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | One, Two | June, July, August, September | Indeterminate | Moderate | Hand, Combine | 150 bulk pounds/acre at the Bridger Plant Materials Center | 2-3 | Yes | Broadcast, Drill | Fall, Spring | <0.25 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | ||||||||||||||
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USDI Bureau of Land Management (BLM) CP 3 Seeds of Success (SOS) | Common sunflower | Asteraceae | Aster family | Helianthus | annuus | No | Yes | Common | The genus (other species) | No | Annual | Short-lived (1-3 yrs) | Forb | Erect/ascending | 120 | 36 | Yes | No | Alternate, Opposite | Annual plant | Simple | Tap and fibrous | 107 | AZ, CA, CO, DC, DE, IA, ID, IL, IN, KS, MD, MI, MN, MO, MT, ND, NE, NJ, NM, NV, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, SD, TX, UT, VA, WA, WI, WV, WY |  |
Distribution of common sunflower (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1828-2019 (CPNWH 2020; SEINet 2020; USDI USGS 2020). Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) (Bower et al. 2014) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines) (Omernik 1987; USDI EPA 2018). Interactive maps, legends, and a mobile app are available (USDA FS WWETAC 2017; https://www.fs.usda.gov/wwetac/Seedzonemapping.php). Map prepared by Sarah Barga and Benton Spendlove USFS RMRS. The species is native to the western United States, but has expanded across much of North America and to other continents via introductions and hybridization. |
Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Salt desert, Sagebrush, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper | 9,840 | 0 | 16 | 6 | Clay, Silt, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Medium | Neutral, Acidic, Saline | It is recommended for Arizona and Utah revegetation sites on clay, loam, silt, gravel, and sand soils and said to be tolerant of acidic and alkaline conditions, metals, and salt. | Deep, Moderate | Common on many soil types, especially on disturbed sites. | Pioneer | Fire, Soil disturbance | Early colonizer of eroded sites, abandoned agricultural fields, and on sagebrush, saltbush desert, and pinyon-juniper sites following burning or overstory removal. Usually declines within a few years. | Full sun | Head | >100 | Yellow, Brown | Perfect | The 17-30 yellow ray florets are sterile, while the 150 or more brown to reddish disk florets are perfect. | Outcrossing | Outcrossing, but self-pollination can occur. | Biotic (animal) | Bees, Butterflies, Flies, Wasps | Achene | Indeterminate | Fruit is a cypsela. Flowering is indeterminate within a flower head. | Indehiscent | Fruit | Animals, Gravity | Moderate | Gravity dispersed seeds generally fall within 3 feet of the plant, they may be moved farther by seed predators. | Spring, Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer, Early fall | No | 49 to 56 days | June, July, August, September, October | Fruit | Dry fruit, Hard seed | Gray to brown. The cypsela is black | Weevils, Insects, Rodents, Birds, Livestock, Native ungulates | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Mold or disease visible, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Indeterminate | Somewhat indeterminate. Collect after petals wither and seeds and fruits are dry and hard. | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test, X-ray | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Clipping, Swatting/beating, Mechanical (extensive monocultures) | Clippers, Containers, Dust masks, Gloves, Hoppers, Combine/swathers (for large monocultures) | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Freeze or treat for insect control if needed. | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.80 | 45 | Physiological (needs stratification), Not dormant | Yes | Yes | 1 week | Species | 98 | 95 | 99 | 45 | 92 | 73 | 99 | 45 | 94 | 68 | 99 | 43 | 73,226.00 | 56,770.00 | 98,780.00 | 45 | 67,750 | 51,379.00 | 87,272.00 | 43 | Orthodox | Yes | Short-lived, less than 5 years. Cold storage needed to maximize longevity. | Yes | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Drill | Fall, Late fall | 5-10 PLS/linear foot | <0.25, 0.25-0.5 | No | Yes | Yes | One | June, July, August, September, October | Indeterminate | Moderate | Mechanical | 300-450 lbs/acre at 95% purity | 1-2 | Yes | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Fall, Late fall | <0.25, 0.25-0.5, 0.5-1 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | |||||||||||||||
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Photo: USDI BLM WY 050 SOS. | Arrowleaf balsamroot | Asteraceae | Aster family | Balsamorhiza | sagittata | https://westernforbs.org/species/arrowleaf-balsamroot-balsamorhiza-sagittata/ | No | No | Yes | Common | The genus (other species) | No | Perennial | Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | 40+ years | Forb | Clumping/caespitose, Erect/ascending | 30 | 36 | Yes | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Simple | Tap | 108 | 36 | AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, ND, NV, OR, SD, UT, WY, AB, BC |  |
Distribution of arrowleaf balsamroot (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1870-2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USGS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Low sage, Sagebrush, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Aspen, Dry forest | 9,850 | 330 | 25 | 9 | Clay, Silt, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Coarse, Medium, Fine | Neutral | Plants tolerate soils that are weakly acidic to weakly basic (pH 6.5 to 8) and have low salinity. | Deep | Deep, well-drained, neutral, fine to coarse-textured soils. | Pioneer, Early, Mid, Late (climax) | Fire, Soil disturbance | Not an early colonizer if it was not present pre-disturbance. | Full sun | Head, Solitary | 11-100, >100 | Yellow | Perfect, Female (pistillate) | Ray flowers are female, disk flowers are perfect. | Selfing, Outcrossing | Seed production is improved with cross-pollination. | Biotic (animal) | Bees | Achene | Determinate | Flowering and fruit ripening are fairly uniform, but vary to some extent with and among seed heads. | Indehiscent | Fruit | Animals, Gravity | Slow | Early spring, Spring, Late spring, Early summer, Summer | No | 48-98 | May, June, July, August, September, October | Fruit, Infloresence | Dry fruit, Hard seed, Straw, brown colored stems | Gray to black | Insects, Rodents, Birds, Livestock, Native ungulates | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Determinate | Because dispersal is fairly slow, it is possible to delay harvesting until many seed heads are mature. | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test, X-ray | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Clipping, Plucking, Swatting/beating, Mechanical (extensive monocultures) | Clippers, Containers, Dust masks, Gloves, Hoppers, Paddles | 150 lbs by 2 or 3 people over 2 or 3 days | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Store seed in a rodent-free area. | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.22 | 0.01 | 0.79 | 63 | Physiological (needs stratification), Morphological (needs afterripening) | Yes | 2-3 days | Genus | Yes | 84 days | Species | 98 | 89 | 99 | 63 | 85 | 45 | 97 | 63 | 94 | 79 | 98 | 50 | 49,608.00 | 23,000.00 | 80,710.00 | 63 | 44,696 | 21,404.00 | 63,160.00 | 50 | Orthodox | Yes | 5-7 yrs. cold storage is recommended | Yes | Row cover, Sawdust | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Afterripening | Drill, Hilling | Fall, Late fall | 20 PLS/linear ft or 4-5 PLS/hill | 0.5-1 | Variable | Yes | Yes | Three, Four, Five | May, June, July | Uniform | Moderate | Hand, Mechanical, Combine, Vacuum harvester | 75-125 lbs/acre at 90% purity | >3 | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Afterripening | Yes | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Afterripening | Drill | Fall, Late fall | 0.5-1, >1 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | |||||||
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USFS | Aspen fleabane | Asteraceae | Aster family | Erigeron | speciosus | https://westernforbs.org/species/aspen-fleabane-erigeron-speciosus/ | No | No | Yes | Common | The genus (other species) | Yes | Perennial | Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | Decades | Forb | Erect/ascending, Rhizomatous | 40 | 6 | Yes | Yes | Alternate | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Simple | Tap and fibrous | AZ, CO, ID, KS, MT, NM, NV, OR, SD, TX, UT, WA, WY, AB, BC, MX - BN, MX - SO |  |
Distribution of aspen fleabane (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1870-2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USGS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Sagebrush, Riparian, Mountain brush, Aspen, Dry forest, Mesic forest, Subalpine, alpine | 11,200 | 2,000 | 25 | 16 | Clay, Silt, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Coarse | Neutral, Alkaline | Aspen fleabane is found on dry to moist sites with well-drained sandy, gravelly, or clay-loam calcareous or non-calcareous soils | Deep, Moderate | Pioneer, Early, Mid, Late (climax) | Fire | Often reduced by grazing | Full sun, Partial sun | Head | 11-100, >100 | Blue, Pink, Purple, White | Perfect, Female (pistillate) | Disk flowers are perfect and fertile. Ray flowers are pistillate and fertile. |
Outcrossing | Support generalist and specialist bee species. | Biotic (animal) | Bees, Beetles, Butterflies, Flies, Moths, Wasps | Achene | Determinate and indeterminate | Seed heads at the top of the plant may mature before those lower on the plant. Seeds within a seed head flower somewhat uniformly. Maturation may vary among plants in a population. | Indehiscent | Fruit | Gravity, Wind | Slow | Early summer, Summer, Late summer, Early fall, Fall | No | 30 - 60 | July, August, September, October, November | Fruit, Infloresence | Dry fruit, Hard seed, Pappus expanded | Straw, golden | Insects | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit | Determinate, Indeterminate | Rather uniform within the seed head. Varies among seed heads within a plant and among plants in a population. | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead) | Long (>3 wks) | Clipping, Plucking | Clippers, Containers, Gloves | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove seed appendages (i.e. pappus/ wings), Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.32 | 23 | Physiological (needs stratification), Not dormant | Yes | Family | Yes | 16+ days | Species | 95 | 75 | 99 | 23 | 94 | 80 | 99 | 23 | 94 | 79 | 98 | 17 | 2,451,669.00 | 1,064,788.00 | 3,600,000.00 | 23 | 2,249,218 | 1,439,775.00 | 3,080,160.00 | 17 | Yes | many | Yes | Drill | Fall | No | Yes | One | Good | >3 | Yes | Drill | Fall | <0.25, 0.25-0.5 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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BLM OR030, SOS. | Shaggy fleabane | Asteraceae | Aster family | Erigeron | pumilus | https://westernforbs.org/species/shaggy-fleabane-erigeron-pumilus/ | No | Yes | No | None | Yes | Perennial | Short-lived (1-3 yrs), Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | Forb | Clumping/caespitose, Erect/ascending | 20 | 2 | Yes | Yes | Alternate | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Simple | Tap | AZ, CA, CO, ID, KS, MT, ND, NE, NM, NV, OR, SD, UT, WA, WV, AB, BC, MB, SK |  |
Distribution of shaggy fleabane (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1881-2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Sagebrush, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Dry forest | 9,700 | 2,690 | 20 | 8 | Clay, Silt, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Rocky, gravelly, Coarse | Neutral, Alkaline | Deep, Moderate, Shallow | Early, Mid, Late (climax) | Fire | May not be flood tolerant; literature is mixed on burn-tolerance. Tolerates cattle grazing, but reduced by sheep use. | Head | >100 | Pink, Purple, White | Perfect, Female (pistillate) | Outcrossing | Biotic (animal) | Bees, Butterflies | Achene | Indeterminate | Indehiscent | Fruit | Animals, Wind | Moderate | Spring, Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer, Early fall, Fall | Yes | 30 - 60 | May, June, July, August, September, October, November | Fruit | Dry fruit, Hard seed, Pappus expanded | Achene is light brown | Insects | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Indeterminate | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test, X-ray | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Clipping, Plucking, Stripping, Swatting/beating | Clippers, Containers, Gloves | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove seed appendages (i.e. pappus/ wings), Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.13 | 0.02 | 0.27 | 37 | Physiological (needs stratification), Morphological (needs afterripening) | Yes | 12 - 56 hrs | Yes | 16+ days | 88 | 40 | 99 | 37 | 95 | 80 | 99 | 37 | 88 | 52 | 97 | 27 | 5,014,110.00 | 2,362,500.00 | 13,341,176.00 | 37 | 3,952,142 | 6,369,671.00 | 1,988,412.00 | 27 | Orthodox | Unknown | No | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | <0.25 | Yes | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Yes | Fall, Late fall | <0.25 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches, Add to overall seed mix if drill seeding | Establish forb patches | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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USDI BLM NV020 SOS. | Tapertip hawksbeard | Asteraceae | Aster family | Crepis | acuminata | https://westernforbs.org/species/tapertip-hawksbeard-crepis-acuminata/ | No | No | Yes | Rare | The genus (other species) | Yes | Perennial | Short-lived (1-3 yrs), Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | Forb | Erect/ascending | 33 | 8 | Yes | Yes | Alternate | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Simple | Tap | AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY |  |
Distribution of tapertip hawksbeard (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1881-2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USGS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Low sage, Sagebrush, Riparian, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Aspen, Dry forest, Mesic forest | 10,800 | 700 | 20 | 7 | Clay, Silt, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Coarse | Neutral, Alkaline | Neutral to alkaline (up to pH 6 to 7.9 reported) | Deep, Moderate, Shallow | Commonly well-drained, neutral to slightly alkaline, non-saline, coarse sandy or stony. | Early, Mid, Late (climax) | Fire | Sensitive to spring grazing, but tolerates other forms of disturbance well. It is more susceptible to summer than spring or fall fires. | Full sun | Corymb | 2-10, 11-100 | Yellow | Perfect | Outcrossing, Apomictic | Diploid plants generally produce seeds via outcrossing while polyploid plants produce seed via apomixis. | Biotic (animal) | Bees | Achene | Indeterminate | Indehiscent | Fruit | Animals, Wind | Rapid, Moderate | Early summer, Summer, Late summer | No | 28 | June, July, August, September | Fruit | Dry fruit, Hard seed, Pappus expanded | Gold to brown | Insects, Rodents | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Indeterminate | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test, X-ray | Narrow (<1 wk) | Plucking, Swatting/beating | Containers, Gloves, Hoppers, Paddles, Racquets | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Avoid collecting vegetative material as it contains a milky juice. Dry collections immediately. | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove seed appendages (i.e. pappus/ wings), Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.16 | 0.00 | 0.70 | 76 | Physiological (needs stratification), Not dormant | No | ISTA Viability test is available. Requires about 2 days. | Genus | No | 96 | 28 | 99 | 76 | 88 | 12 | 99 | 74 | 93 | 61 | 98 | 48 | 171,177.00 | 99,382.00 | 294,500.00 | 76 | 147,918 | 90,600.00 | 218,079.00 | 48 | Orthodox | Unknown | Yes | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Drill | Fall, Late fall | 25-30 seeds/ft | <0.25, 0.25-0.5, 0.5-1 | Yes | Yes | One, Two, Three, Four, Five | June, July, August | Indeterminate | Poor | Hand, Vacuum harvester | >3 | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | No | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Broadcast, Drill | Fall, Late fall | <0.25, 0.25-0.5, 0.5-1 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | ||||||||||||||||||
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USDI BLM NV020, SOS. | Desert yellow fleabane | Asteraceae | Aster family | Erigeron | linearis | https://westernforbs.org/species/desert-yellow-fleabane-erigeron-linearis/ | No | No | Yes | Rare | The genus (other species) | Yes | Perennial | Forb | Clumping/caespitose, Erect/ascending | 8 | 2 | Yes | Yes | Alternate | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Simple | Tap | CA, ID, MT, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY, BC, YT |  |
Distribution of desert yellow fleabane (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1885-2011. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Low sage, Sagebrush, Pinyon-Juniper, Dry forest | 6,500 | 2,300 | 16 | 6 | Clay, Silt, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Rocky, gravelly, Medium | Neutral | Shallow | Early, Mid | Fire, Grazing | Tolerance depends on season and site conditions. | Full sun, Partial sun | Head | 11-100 | White, Yellow | Perfect, Female (pistillate) | Biotic (animal) | Bees, Butterflies | Indeterminate | Indehiscent | Fruit | Wind | Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer | No | May, June, July, August | Fruit | Dry fruit, Hard seed, Pappus expanded | Mature achene is brown. | Insects | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit | Indeterminate | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test, X-ray | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Clipping, Plucking, Swatting/beating | Clippers, Containers, Gloves | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove seed appendages (i.e. pappus/ wings), Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.19 | 0.02 | 0.47 | 21 | Not dormant | No | No | 93 | 85 | 99 | 21 | 91 | 79 | 98 | 21 | 89 | 69 | 97 | 21 | 1,292,289.00 | 821,739.00 | 1,829,032.00 | 21 | 1,091,264 | 928,546.00 | 1,419,329.00 | 18 | Orthodox | Unknown | No | 0.25-0.5 | Yes | No | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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BLM OR050 SOS. | Common woolly sunflower | Asteraceae | Aster family | Eriophyllum | lanatum | https://westernforbs.org/species/common-woolly-sunflower-eriophyllum-lanatum/ | No | Yes | Yes | Common | Both infrataxa and genus | Yes | Annual, Biennial, Perennial | Short-lived (1-3 yrs), Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | Decades, but depends on variety | Forb, Subshrub | Decumbent/prostrate/spreading, Erect/ascending | 42 | 4 | Yes | No | Alternate | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Simple | Tap, Tap and fibrous | AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY, BC |  |
Distribution of common woolly sunflower (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1854-2018. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Sagebrush, Chaparral, Riparian, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Oak woodlands, Dry forest, Mesic forest | 11,500 | 0 | 49 | 9 | Clay, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Coarse | Neutral, Acidic | pH of 5.4 to 7.1 reported | Deep, Moderate | Pioneer, Early, Mid, Late (climax) | Fire, Soil disturbance | Full sun | Head | 11-100, >100 | Yellow | Perfect, Female (pistillate) | Selfing, Outcrossing | Biotic (animal) | Bees, Beetles, Butterflies, Flies, Wasps | Achene | Indehiscent | Fruit | Animals, Gravity | Moderate | Spring, Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer | No | June, July, August, September | Infloresence | Dry fruit, Hard seed | Lygus bugs, Insects | X-ray | Clipping, Plucking, Stripping | Clippers, Containers, Gloves | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.20 | 0.02 | 0.37 | 124 | Physiological (needs stratification) | No | No | 95 | 29 | 99 | 123 | 93 | 32 | 99 | 124 | 91 | 73 | 98 | 70 | 1,170,630.00 | 111,669.00 | 14,000,000.00 | 123 | 991,904 | 680,300.00 | 1,395,836.00 | 70 | Orthodox | Yes | 2 yrs | Yes | Row cover, Sawdust | Drill | Fall, Late fall, Winter | 3-4 lbs/ acre | 0.25-0.5 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | One, Two | June, July | Good | Mechanical, Combine, Swather | 100 - 400 lbs/acre | >3 | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Yes | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Broadcast, Drill | Fall, Late fall, Winter | <0.25 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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J. Cane, USDA ARS. | Douglas’ dustymaiden | Asteraceae | Aster family | Chaenactis | douglasii | https://westernforbs.org/species/douglas-dustymaiden-chaenactis-douglasii/ | No | Yes | Yes | Common | The species (infrataxa) | Yes | Annual, Biennial, Perennial | Short-lived (1-3 yrs) | Longevity varies among populations. Shorter lived plants are more common in dry areas. | Forb | Clumping/caespitose, Decumbent/prostrate/spreading, Erect/ascending | 36 | 2 | Yes | Yes | Alternate | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Simple | Tap | 15 | AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, ND, NM, NV, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY, AB, BC, SK |  |
Distribution of Douglas’ dustymaiden (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1881-2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USGS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Salt desert, Sagebrush, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Dry forest | 13,100 | 0 | 7 | Silt, Sand, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Rocky, gravelly, Coarse | Neutral, Acidic, Alkaline, Saline | Reported from saline (0.06 - 0.5 dS/m) and pH 4.2 to 7.9 soils, but also on basic soils. | Deep, Moderate, Shallow | Grows on a variety of substrates. | Pioneer, Early, Mid, Late (climax) | Fire, Soil disturbance | Full sun | Cyme, Head | 11-100 | Pink, White | Perfect | Heads may contain ray and disk flowers. Some heads may contain only ray or disk flowers. | Selfing, Outcrossing | Seed production is greatly improved by cross-pollination. | Biotic (animal) | Bees | Achene | Indeterminate | Indehiscent | Fruit | Gravity, Wind | Moderate | Ripening is highly variable within and among plants of a population. | Spring, Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer | No | 28 - 35 | June, July, August, September, October | Fruit | Dry fruit, Hard seed, Pappus expanded | Gold to black | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Mold or disease visible, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Indeterminate | Variable. | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test, X-ray, Other | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Clipping, Plucking, Stripping, Swatting/beating | Clippers, Containers, Dust masks, Gloves | 0.33 lbs/hr | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Dry seed collections immediately, especially if collected in fall when moisture content may be high. | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove seed appendages (i.e. pappus/ wings), Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.19 | 0.02 | 0.70 | 101 | Physiological (needs stratification), Morphological (needs afterripening) | No | No | 96 | 78 | 98 | 100 | 93 | 70 | 99 | 101 | 92 | 79 | 99 | 67 | 374.72 | 210,780.00 | 620,000.00 | 101 | 326,999 | 208,802.00 | 565,440.00 | 67 | Orthodox | Yes | 5 yrs | Yes | Row cover, Weed fabric, Sawdust, Sand | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Seed coating (fungicide, fertilizer, etc.) | Drill, Hilling | Fall, Late fall | 20 - 30 seeds/ft; 3 lbs PLS/acre; 12 - 25 seeds/hole (if weed fabric is used) | <0.25 | No | Yes | No | One | June, July | Indeterminate | Moderate | Hand, Mechanical, Combine, Vacuum harvester | 3-5 on a scale of 1-9, where1 indicates extremely high seed yield. | 1-2 | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Seed coating (fungicide, fertilizer, etc.) | Yes | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Broadcast, Drill | Fall, Late fall | <0.25 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | |||||||||||||
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Steve Matson, 2006, hosted by CalPhotos. | Dwarf yellow fleabane | Asteraceae | Aster family | Erigeron | chrysopsidis | https://westernforbs.org/species/dwarf-yellow-fleabane-erigeron-chrysopsidis/ | No | Yes | Yes | Rare | The species (infrataxa) | No | Perennial | Forb | Erect/ascending | 6 | 1 | Variable, few to none | Yes | Alternate, Opposite | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Simple | Tap | CA, ID, MT, NV, OR |  |
Distribution of dwarf yellow fleabane (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1881-2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Low sage, Sagebrush, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Dry forest | 8,500 | 2,600 | Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Moderate, Shallow | Pioneer, Early, Mid | Tolerant of fall, but not spring burns. | Full sun | Head | 11-100, >100 | Green, Purple, Yellow | Perfect, Female (pistillate) | Outcrossing | Biotic (animal) | Achene | Indehiscent | Fruit | Wind | Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer | No | 7 | May, June, July, August | Fruit | Dry fruit, Hard seed, Pappus expanded | Tan | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test | Narrow (<1 wk) | Plucking, Stripping | Clippers, Containers, Gloves | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove seed appendages (i.e. pappus/ wings), Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.16 | 1 | No | Yes | 95 | 1 | 99 | 1 | 96 | 1 | 1,440,000.00 | 1 | 1,354,320 | 1 | Orthodox | Unknown | No | Yes | No | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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BLM ID 330 SOS. | Nakedstem sunray | Asteraceae | Aster family | Enceliopsis | nudicaulis | https://westernforbs.org/species/nakedstem-sunray-enceliopsis-nudicaulis/ | No | Yes | Yes | Unknown | No | Perennial | Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | Forb | Erect/ascending | 24 | 4 | No | Yes | Alternate | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Simple | Tap | AZ, CA, CO, ID, NV, OR, UT |  |
Distribution of nakedstem sunray (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1881-2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS. | Sagebrush, Warm desert, Pinyon-Juniper | 7,600 | 2,300 | Clay, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Rocky, gravelly, Fine | Alkaline, Saline | Deep | Often on rocky soils or hard, compacted clays that are poorly drained. | Full sun | Head | >100 | Yellow | Perfect, Female (pistillate) | Ray flowers are pistillate but sterile, disk florets are perfect and fertile. | Outcrossing, Facultative apomictic | Achene | Indeterminate | Indehiscent | Fruit | Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer | No | May, June, July, August | Fruit, Infloresence | Dry fruit, Hard seed | Black with hairs | Birds | Insects and damage visible | Indeterminate | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test, X-ray | Narrow (<1 wk), Moderate (1-3 wks) | Clipping, Swatting/beating | Clippers, Containers, Gloves, Racquets | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.42 | 0.18 | 0.99 | 4 | Not dormant | Yes | 12 hrs | No | 98 | 98 | 98 | 4 | 96 | 92 | 98 | 4 | 92 | 84 | 97 | 4 | 66,162.00 | 43,901.00 | 84,013.00 | 4 | 62,188 | 39,581.00 | 80,686.00 | 4 | Unknown | Yes | Row cover, Sawdust, Other mulch | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Seed coating (fungicide, fertilizer, etc.) | Drill | Fall, Late fall | 20 - 30 PLS/ft | 0.25-0.5 | No | Unknown | Yes | One | July, August | Indeterminate | Poor | Hand, Vacuum harvester | 24.6 (1.5 - 105) lbs/acre | >3 | No | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Broadcast, Drill | Fall, Late fall | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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USFS RMRS PSSL. | Limestone hawksbeard | Asteraceae | Aster family | Crepis | intermedia | https://westernforbs.org/species/limestone-hawksbeard-crepis-intermedia/ | No | Yes | Yes | Common | The genus (other species) | Yes | Perennial | Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | Plants lived for at least 5 years in seed production fields at the Oregon State University's Malheur Experiment Station. | Forb | Erect/ascending | 28 | 10 | Yes | Yes | Alternate | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Simple | Tap | AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY, AB, BC, SK |  |
Distribution of limestone hawksbeard (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1881-2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Sagebrush, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Dry forest, Mesic forest, Subalpine, alpine | 12,800 | 1,500 | 10 | Clay, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Coarse | Neutral | Neutral to slightly acidic soils. | Deep, Moderate, Shallow | Occurs on well-drained soils. | Pioneer, Early | Fire, Soil disturbance | Full sun | Panicle | 11-100 | Yellow | Perfect, Female (pistillate) | Seeds occur in seedheads, but the Inflorescence is variously described as corymb-like, cyme-like and panicle-like. Flowers produce pistils and stamens, but the anthers usually abort without producing pollen. it is self-incompatible and facultatively apomictic with a low frequency of sexual reproduction. It combines characteristics of tapertip, Modoc, nakedstem and slender hawksbeard. |
Outcrossing, Facultative apomictic | Self-incompatible but facultatively apomictic. Attracts generalist pollinators and Asteraceae specialists. | Biotic (animal) | Bees | Achene | Indeterminate | Insect damage common and impacts production. It is considered important to harvest after the pappi begin emerging from the closed seed heads. | Indehiscent | Fruit | Gravity, Wind | Moderate | Variable as wind may remove many of the seeds. | Early summer, Summer | No | 37 | May, June, July | Fruit, Infloresence | Dry fruit, Hard seed, Pappus expanded | Golden | Insects, Rodents, Birds, Livestock | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Obvious predation | Indeterminate | Different flowers within a plant mature at different times. Mature fruits are easily removed during collection. | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test, X-ray | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Clipping, Plucking, Stripping, Swatting/beating | Clippers, Containers, Gloves, Racquets | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Plants produce milky juice and fruits are often insect infested. Careful removal of vegetative material and insect control are required. | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove seed appendages (i.e. pappus/ wings), Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | No | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.15 | 6 | Physiological (needs stratification) | Yes | No | 97 | 95 | 99 | 6 | 85 | 75 | 97 | 6 | 85 | 70 | 97 | 5 | 120,039.00 | 96,508.00 | 144,366.00 | 6 | 95,097 | 80,680.00 | 110,110.00 | 5 | Orthodox | Yes | Yes | Row cover, Sawdust, Other mulch | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Drill | Fall, Late fall | 20 - 30 PLS/ft | <0.25 | Trial results provided | Variable, Trial results provided | Yes | Three | May, June, July | Indeterminate | Poor | Mechanical, Vacuum harvester | 144.6 (55.5 - 301.5) lbs/acre | >3 | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | No | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Broadcast, Drill | Fall, Late fall | <0.25 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | ||||||||||||||
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©Al Schneider, swcoloradowildflowers.com. | Orange agoseris | Asteraceae | Aster family | Agoseris | aurantiaca | https://westernforbs.org/species/orange-agoseris-agoseris-aurantiaca/ | No | Yes | Yes | Common | Both infrataxa and genus | Yes | Perennial | Short-lived (1-3 yrs), Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | Forb | Decumbent/prostrate/spreading, Erect/ascending | 32 | 12 | No | Yes | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Simple | Tap | AK, AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY, AB, BC, NT, ON, YT |  |
Distribution of orange agoseris (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1876-2018. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Sagebrush, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Aspen, Dry forest, Mesic forest | 11,800 | 650 | Clay, Silt, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Medium | Deep, Moderate, Shallow | Grows in nutrient poor soils, but its abundance may be greater and growth better on soils with higher nutrient content. | Early, Mid | Fire, Soil disturbance | Full sun, Partial sun | Head | 11-100 | Orange, Pink, Yellow | Perfect | Biotic (animal) | Bees, Butterflies, Flies, Insects | Achene | Indeterminate | Indehiscent | Fruit | Wind | Rapid | Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer, Early fall | No | May, June, July, August, September | Fruit | Dry fruit, Hard seed, Pappus expanded | Achenes are brown | Indeterminate | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test, X-ray | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Plucking, Stripping | Containers, Gloves | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers | Avoid collecting stem material as it contains milky juice. Dry seed collection immediately. | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove seed appendages (i.e. pappus/ wings), Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | No | 0.17 | 0.04 | 0.37 | 11 | Physiological (needs stratification) | Yes | 12 hrs | No | 94 | 88 | 99 | 11 | 89 | 80 | 95 | 11 | 86 | 25 | 97 | 11 | 188,955.00 | 132,600.00 | 330,000.00 | 11 | 143,525 | 78,375.00 | 182,089.00 | 11 | Orthodox | Unknown | No | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | May, June, July, August | Indeterminate | Hand | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | No | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Genevieve Walden, Cal Photos. | Annual agoseris | Asteraceae | Aster family | Agoseris | heterophylla | https://westernforbs.org/species/annual-agoseris-agoseris-heterophylla/ | No | Yes | Yes | Unknown | Both infrataxa and genus | Yes | Annual | Short-lived (1-3 yrs) | Annual | Forb | Decumbent/prostrate/spreading, Erect/ascending | 24 | 1 | No | Yes | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Simple | Tap | AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, UT, WA |  |
Distribution of annual agoseris (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1864-2018. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Low sage, Sagebrush, Chaparral, Mountain brush, Oak woodlands, Dry forest, Mesic forest | 7,550 | 0 | Clay, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Fine | Deep, Moderate, Shallow | Present on both serpentine and non-serpentine soils. | Early | Fire, Grazing, Soil disturbance | Full sun | Head | 2-10, 11-100, >100 | Orange, Yellow | Perfect | Selfing, Outcrossing | Depending on variety, may be self-pollinating or self-incompatible. | Biotic (animal) | Bees | Achene | Determinate | Indehiscent | Fruit | Wind | Rapid | Early spring, Spring, Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer, Early fall | No | 30 - 90 days | May, June, July, August | Fruit | Dry fruit, Hard seed, Pappus expanded | Brown, ridged | Insects | Insects and damage visible | Indeterminate | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Plucking, Stripping | Containers, Gloves | Dry thoroughly, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Avoid collecting stem material as it contains milky juice. Dry seeds immediately. | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove seed appendages (i.e. pappus/ wings), Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | No | 0.28 | 0.09 | 0.40 | 6 | Physiological (needs stratification), Not dormant | No | No | 97 | 88 | 99 | 6 | 97 | 95 | 99 | 6 | 95 | 92 | 98 | 6 | 557,273.00 | 308,564.00 | 731,600.00 | 6 | 336,716 | 206,581.00 | 531,100.00 | 6 | Orthodox | Unknown | 2.5 yrs | No | No | Poor | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | No | Broadcast, Drill | Fall | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Photo: BLM NM018, SOS | Sanddune wallflower | Brassicaceae | Mustard family | Erysimum | capitatum | Yes | Yes | Common | Both infrataxa and genus | No | Annual, Biennial, Perennial | Biennials, short-lived perennials, possibly as winter annuals in the Mojave Desert and southern California. | Forb | Erect/ascending | 48 | 6 | Yes | Yes | Alternate | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually), Annual plant | Simple | Tap | AZ, CA, CO, IA, ID, IL, IN, KS, MI, MO, MT, ND, NV, OH, OK, OR, TX, UT, WA |  |
Figure 10. Distribution of sanddune wallflower in the contiguous United States (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1851–2019 (SEINet 2017; CPNWH 2020; USDI USGS 2020). Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) (Bower et al. 2014) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines) (Omernik 1987; USDI EPA 2018). Interactive maps, legends, and a mobile app are available (USDA FS WWETAC 2017; https://www.fs.usda.gov/wwetac/Seedzonemapping.php). Map prepared by Sarah Barga and Benton Spendlove, USFS RMRS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Sagebrush, Warm desert, Chaparral, Pinyon-Juniper, Aspen, Subalpine, alpine | 13,120 | 0 | Sand, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Rocky, gravelly, Coarse | Occurs on dry, often sandy soils derived from a variety of substrates. | Pioneer, Early | Fire, Grazing, Soil disturbance | Full sun, Partial sun | Raceme | 11-100 | Orange, Purple, Yellow | Perfect | Color is usually yello to orange, but sometimes lavender to maron at high elevations. | Outcrossing | Biotic (animal) | Bees, Beetles, Flies | Pod | Indeterminate | Dehiscent | Seed | Gravity | Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer, Early fall | May, June, July, August | Seed, Fruit | Dehiscing (splitting) fruit, Dry fruit, Hard seed, Straw, brown colored stems | Orange-brown | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Mold or disease visible, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Indeterminate | Variable | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test, X-ray | Stripping | Containers, Gloves | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart fruit structures to extract individual seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.30 | 0.06 | 0.95 | 13 | Not dormant | No | No | 98 | 95 | 99 | 13 | 94 | 78 | 99 | 13 | 94 | 85 | 98 | 13 | 926,202.00 | 445,579.00 | 1,501,986.00 | 13 | 846,733 | 379,366.00 | 1,334,250.00 | 13 | Orthodox | Unknown | No | Yes | No | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Broadcast, Drill | Fall | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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M. Lavin, Montana State University. | Yellow bee-plant | Capparaceae | Caper family | Peritoma (Cleome) | lutea | https://westernforbs.org/species/yellow-bee-plant-peritoma-lutea/ | Yes | Cleome lutea | No | No | None | Yes | Annual | Short-lived (1-3 yrs) | Annual plant | Forb | Erect/ascending | 60 | Yes | No | Alternate | Annual plant | Compound | Tap | AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, NE, NM, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY, MX - BN |  |
Distribution of yellow bee-plant (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1887-2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USGS. | Salt desert, Sagebrush, Warm desert, Riparian, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Aspen, Dry forest | 7,875 | 330 | 18 | 7 | Sand, Loam | Medium | Neutral, Acidic, Alkaline | pH of 6 to 8 reported. | Early successional colonizer on disturbed sites, particularly on sandy, well-drained soils. | Pioneer, Early | Grazing, Soil disturbance | Annual plant. Not tolerant of competition. | Full sun | Raceme | 11-100, >100 | Yellow | Perfect, Male (staminate) | Staminate flowers begin as perfect buds, but pistil formation is incomplete. Racemes alternate between production of perfect and staminate flowers. | Selfing, Outcrossing | Biotic (animal) | Bees, Butterflies, Wasps | Pod | Indeterminate | Flowers over several weeks - late spring through late summer or early autumn. Flowers and dehiscing pods may occur in the same inflorescence. | Dehiscent | Seed | Gravity | Moderate | Mature pods dehisce readily, but maturation and dehiscence occurs over several months on a single plant. | Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer, Early fall | No | Flowering is continuous over the season. | May, June, July, August, September, October | Seed, Fruit | Dehiscing (splitting) fruit, Dry fruit, Hard seed | Brown to black | Insects, Birds | Insects and damage visible, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Indeterminate | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test, X-ray, Other | Long (>3 wks) | Stripping, Swatting/beating | Containers, Gloves, Paddles, Racquets | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Break apart fruit structures to extract individual seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.48 | 0.02 | 0.91 | 21 | Physiological (needs stratification) | Yes | 2 days | Genus | No | 99 | 97 | 99 | 21 | 94 | 77 | 99 | 21 | 94 | 89 | 98 | 19 | 95,873.00 | 63,000.00 | 121,000.00 | 21 | 89,704 | 56,620.00 | 110,327.00 | 19 | Orthodox | Unknown | Yes | Row cover, Sawdust | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Drill | Fall, Late fall | 10 - 14 lbs pure live seed/acre; 20-30 seeds/linear foot | <0.25, 0.25-0.5 | No, Trial results provided | Yes | Yes | One | June, July, August, September, October | Indeterminate | Poor | Hand, Vacuum harvester, Swather | 83.3 (0.5 to 197.8) lbs/acre | 1-2 | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | No | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Broadcast, Drill | Fall, Late fall | <0.25, 0.25-0.5 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | |||||||||||||||
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Matt Lavin, Montana State University. | Rocky Mountain beeplant | Cleomaceae | Spiderflower family | Peritoma [Cleome] | serrulata | https://westernforbs.org/species/rocky-mountain-beeplant-peritoma-serrulata/ | Yes | Cleome serrulata | Yes | Yes | Rare | The genus (other species) | Yes | Annual | Short-lived (1-3 yrs) | Annual plant | Forb | Erect/ascending | 79 | 12 | Yes | No | Alternate | Annual plant | Compound | Tap | 14 | AZ, CA, CO, IA, ID, IL, IN, KS, MI, MN, MT, ND, NE, NM, NV, NY, OH, OK, OR, SD, TX, UT, WA, WI, WY, AB, BC, MB, ON, QC, SK |  |
Distribution of Rocky Mountain beeplant (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1874-2015. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Salt desert, Sagebrush, Pinyon-Juniper | 9,500 | 330 | Clay, Silt, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Coarse, Medium | Neutral, Acidic, Alkaline | pH of 6 to 7.6 reported. Tolerates moderate calcium carbonate. | Pioneer, Early | Grazing, Soil disturbance | Not tolerant of competition. Survives in soil seed bank. | Full sun, Partial sun | Raceme | 11-100 | Pink, Purple, White | Perfect, Male (staminate) | Staminate flowers originate as perfect buds, but pistil formation is incomplete. | Selfing, Outcrossing | Biotic (animal) | Bees, Butterflies, Wasps | Pod | Indeterminate | Flowering and fruit ripening occur over several weeks, thus fruits from lower flowers are ripening and dispersing seeds as upper flowers are developing. | Dehiscent | Seed | Animals, Gravity | Moderate | Dispersal occurs from lower to upper flowers within an inflorescence over a period of weeks. | Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer, Early fall, Fall | No | May, June, July, August, September, October | Seed, Fruit | Dehiscing (splitting) fruit, Dry fruit, Hard seed | Light to dark brown or nearly black | Insects, Rodents, Birds | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Indeterminate | Fruits ripen over a period of several weeks. | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test, X-ray | Long (>3 wks) | Stripping, Swatting/beating | Containers, Gloves, Paddles, Racquets | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart fruit structures to extract individual seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.53 | 0.20 | 0.95 | 29 | Physiological (needs stratification) | No | Yes | 70 days | Species | 98 | 93 | 99 | 29 | 94 | 86 | 99 | 29 | 94 | 81 | 98 | 29 | 72,239.00 | 52,005.00 | 92,006.00 | 29 | 67,078 | 49,889.00 | 81,977.00 | 29 | Orthodox | Unknown | 5+ yrs | Yes | Row cover, Sawdust | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Drill | Fall, Late fall | 20 - 25 PLS/linear ft; | <0.25, 0.25-0.5 | Variable, Trial results provided | Yes | Yes | One | June, July, August, September | Indeterminate | Moderate | Hand, Vacuum harvester, Swather | 26,000 seeds/plant; 0.5 - 593.6 lbs /acre with multiple harvests | 1-2 | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | No | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Broadcast, Drill | Fall, Late fall | 0.25-0.5 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | ||||||||||||||
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M. Lavin, Montana State University | Utah sweetvetch | Fabaceae | Pea family | Hedysarum | boreale | https://westernforbs.org/species/utah-sweetvetch-hedysarum-boreale/ | Yes | No | No | Perennial | Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | The species is described as moderately long-lived. | Forb | Erect/ascending | 28 | 4 | Yes | Opposite | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Compound | Tap and fibrous | AK, AZ, CA, CO, ID, KS, MT, ND, NE, NV, OK, OR, SD, TX, UT, WY |  |
Distribution of Utah sweetvetch (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1869-2023. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Interactive maps, legends, and a mobile app are available. Map prepared by Sarah Barga and Benton Spendlove USFS RMRS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Sagebrush, Riparian, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Aspen, Dry forest, Mesic forest | 10,000 | 2,950 | 36 | 9 | Clay, Silt, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Medium, Fine | Neutral, Acidic, Alkaline, Saline | Utah sweetvetch grows in moderately acidic to alkaline, fine to coarse-textured, rocky or gravelly soils ranging from sands to heavy clays but does best in sandy to silt clay loams. It tolerates moderate salinity. | Pioneer, Early, Mid, Late (climax) | Fire, Grazing, Soil disturbance | Utah sweetvetch is a moderately long-lived, disturbance-tolerant species that is also an early colonizer in primary and secondary succession. Its stout, tough, deep taproot makes it drought resistant, winter hardy, and “renders [it] somewhat resistant to abuse”, and capable of persisting and even increasing on severely grazed rangelands | Full sun, Partial sun | Raceme | 11-100 | Purple, Red | Perfect | Outcrossing | Biotic (animal) | Bees | Pod | Indeterminate | Indehiscent | Fruit, Seed | Animals, Gravity | Slow | Loments (pods) are retained on the plant for up to 4 weeks after which time they are dropped and begin to dehisce. The pods break into one-seeded segments. | Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer, Early fall | Yes | 1 month + | June, July, August | Fruit | Dehiscing (splitting) fruit, Dry fruit, Hard seed | shiny brown | Lygus bugs, Insects, Diseases (fungi) | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Mold or disease visible, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Indeterminate | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test, X-ray | Moderate (1-3 wks), Long (>3 wks) | Stripping, Swatting/beating, Mechanical (extensive monocultures) | Containers, Gloves, Hoppers, Paddles, Racquets, Combine/swathers (for large monocultures) | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Insect control is critical. | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Break apart fruit structures to extract individual seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.29 | 0.06 | 0.60 | 10 | Physical (needs scarification) | Yes | 3-4 days | Species | Yes | 28 days | Species | 98 | 97 | 99 | 10 | 86 | 78 | 99 | 10 | 77 | 24 | 98 | 8 | 47,810.00 | 34,552.00 | 54,676.00 | 10 | 35,852 | 12,042.00 | 53,047.00 | 8 | Orthodox | No | 10+ | Yes | Scarification, Rhizobia | Drill, Hilling | Fall, Late fall, Early spring | 10-30 PLS/ft of row with row spacigs or 3-5 feet. 3-4 PLS in hills 2-4 ft apart | <0.25, 0.25-0.5, 0.5-1 | No | Yes, Variable | Yes, No | Yes | Two | June, July, August | Indeterminate | Moderate | Hand, Mechanical, Combine, Vacuum harvester, Swather | 75 to 250 lbs/acre at 90% purity | >3 | Scarification, Rhizobia | Yes | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Scarification, Rhizobia | Drill, Hilling | Fall, Late fall | <0.25, 0.25-0.5, >1 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | |||||||||||||||||
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Matt Lavin, Montana State University. | Lemon scurfpea | Fabaceae | Pea family | Psoralidium | lanceolatum | https://westernforbs.org/species/lemon-scurfpea-psoralidium-lanceolatum/ | No | No | No | Perennial | Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | Forb | Decumbent/prostrate/spreading, Rhizomatous | 27 | 6 | 54 | Yes | Alternate | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Compound | Fibrous | AZ, CA, CO, IA, ID, KS, MT, ND, NE, NM, NV, OK, OR, SD, TX, UT, WA, WY, AB, MB |  |
Distribution of lemon scurfpea (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1881–2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Sagebrush, Riparian, Pinyon-Juniper, Dry forest | 8,200 | 2,950 | 27 | 9 | Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Coarse | Neutral, Acidic | pH to 6.6 reported. | Deep, Moderate | It is common on sites with poor, coarse-textured soils, especially sands and rare in heavy soils. | Pioneer, Early | Grazing, Soil disturbance | Used by ungulates, but can increase with grazing. | Full sun | Raceme | 2-10, 11-100 | Purple, White | Perfect | Dependence of seed production on pollination has not been examined. | Pod | Indeterminate | Indehiscent | Fruit | Animals, Gravity | Spring, Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer | No | June, July, August, September | Fruit | Dry fruit, Hard seed | brown | Weevils, Birds | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Indeterminate | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), X-ray | Narrow (<1 wk) | Clipping, Stripping | Clippers, Containers, Gloves | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | It is essential to control insects in seed lots. | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Break apart fruit structures to extract individual seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.43 | 0.08 | 0.72 | 6 | Physical (needs scarification) | No | No | 97 | 91 | 99 | 6 | 90 | 86 | 96 | 6 | 89 | 79 | 97 | 5 | 23,514.00 | 20,040.00 | 25,676.00 | 6 | 20,149 | 16,960.00 | 24,392.00 | 5 | Orthodox | No | Scarification | Yes | Yes | Scarification | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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M. Lavin, Montana State University. | American vetch | Fabaceae | Pea family | Vicia | americana | https://westernforbs.org/species/american-vetch-vicia-americana/ | Yes | No | No | Perennial | Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | Plants have been described as long-lived, but life span can vary by location and was considered short-lived in humid regions. | Vine | Climbing/vining, Decumbent/prostrate/spreading | 50 | Yes | Alternate | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Compound | Tap | 40 | 24 | AK, AZ, CA, CO, DC, DE, IA, ID, IL, IN, KS, MD, MI, MN, MO, MT, ND, NE, NJ, NM, NV, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, SD, TX, UT, VA, WA, WI, WV, WY, AB, BC, MB, NT, ON, QC, SK, YT |  |
Distribution of American vetch (black circles) based on geo–referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1881–2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Sagebrush, Riparian, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Oak woodlands, Aspen, Dry forest, Mesic forest | 11,700 | 3,600 | 50 | 5 | Silt, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Medium | Acidic, Saline | Shallow | American vetch grows in fine to coarse-textured soils. It tolerates slightly saline, moderately acidic, and dry soil conditions. | Pioneer, Early, Mid, Late (climax) | Fire, Soil disturbance | American vetch is highly palatable to livestock and native grazers and sensitive to trampling (Gould et al. 2013). Because of this, it is typically more abundant on lightly grazed or ungrazed sites than heavily grazed sites. | Full sun, Partial sun | Raceme | 2-10 | Blue, Pink, Purple | Perfect | Outcrossing | Large bodied bees including bumble bees (Bombus spp.) are the most common pollinators. | Biotic (animal) | Bees, Flies | Pod | Indeterminate | Dehiscent | Seed | Gravity | Spring, Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer | No | 1 month following pollination | July, August, September | Seed, Fruit, Infloresence | Dehiscing (splitting) fruit, Dry fruit, Hard seed | Brown | Insects, Diseases (fungi), Rodents | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Mold or disease visible, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Indeterminate | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), X-ray | Clipping, Stripping | Clippers, Containers, Gloves | Slow due to the sprawling habit. | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Dry carefully as considerable vegetative material may be included in the collection. | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Break apart fruit structures to extract individual seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.30 | 0.21 | 0.42 | 2 | Physiological (needs stratification), Physical (needs scarification) | Yes | 1-2 days (test is for the genus) | No | 99 | 99 | 99 | 2 | 91 | 82 | 99 | 2 | 96 | 96 | 1 | 14,925.00 | 14,000.00 | 15,850.00 | 2 | 13,306 | 13,306.00 | 1 | Orthodox | No | Yes | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Scarification, Rhizobia | Drill | Fall, Late fall | 25 seeds/foot | >1 | Yes | Yes | July, August | Indeterminate | Hand | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Scarification | Yes | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Scarification | Broadcast, Drill | Fall, Late fall, Spring | 0.25-0.5, 0.5-1, >1 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Photo: M. Fisk, USFS. | Blue mountain prairie clover | Fabaceae | Pea family | Dalea | ornata | https://westernforbs.org/species/blue-mountain-prairie-clover-dalea-ornata/ | No | No | No | None | No | Perennial | Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | 6+ years | Forb | Erect/ascending | 24 | 12 | Yes | No | Alternate | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Compound | Tap | CA, CO, ID, NV, UT, WA, AB |  |
Distribution of Blue Mountain prairie clover (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1885-2013. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USGS. | Sagebrush, Riparian, Pinyon-Juniper | 6,000 | 330 | 12 | Clay, Silt, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Coarse, Medium | Fire, Grazing | Full sun | Spike | >100 | Pink, Purple | Perfect | Outcrossing | Biotic (animal) | Bees | Pod | Indeterminate | Indehiscent | Fruit | Gravity | Late spring, Early summer, Summer | Yes | 42-51 | June, July, August | Fruit | Dry fruit, Hard seed | Tan to brown | Insects | Insects and damage visible, Obvious predation | Indeterminate | Long (>3 wks) | Clipping, Stripping | Clippers, Containers, Gloves | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart fruit structures to extract individual seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.20 | 0.06 | 0.37 | 13 | Physical (needs scarification) | Yes | 72 hrs | No | 98 | 92 | 99 | 13 | 86 | 70 | 95 | 13 | 88 | 79 | 94 | 11 | 163,194.00 | 135,000.00 | 187,433.00 | 13 | 141,353 | 112,455.00 | 167,340.00 | 11 | Unknown | 1 | Yes | Row cover, Sawdust | Scarification | Drill | Fall, Late fall, Early spring | 20 - 30 pure live seed (PLS)/ linear ft; 8 lbs PLS/ acre | 0.25-0.5, 0.5-1 | Yes, Trial results provided | Yes | Yes | Two | June, July, August, September | Indeterminate | Poor | Hand, Mechanical, Vacuum harvester, Swather | 331.7 (130 - 700) lbs/ acre | >3 | Scarification | Yes | Scarification | Broadcast, Drill | Spring | 0.25-0.5 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Photo: USFS. | Searls’ prairie clover | Fabaceae | Pea family | Dalea | searlsiae | https://westernforbs.org/species/searls-prairie-clover-dalea-searlsiae/ | No | No | No | None | No | Perennial | Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | Forb | Erect/ascending | 24 | 10 | Yes | No | Alternate | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Compound | Tap | AZ, CA, NV, UT |  |
Distribution of Searls’ prairie clover (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1871-2011. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS. | Sagebrush, Warm desert, Riparian, Pinyon-Juniper, Dry forest | 9,200 | 3,300 | 14 | 6 | Sand, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Coarse | Alkaline | Sensitive to grazing in early summer, but otherwise disturbance-tolerant. | Full sun | Spike | >100 | Pink, Purple | Perfect | Outcrossing | Biotic (animal) | Bees, Butterflies, Flies, Moths, Wasps | Pod | Indeterminate | Indehiscent | Seed | Gravity | Rapid | Late spring, Early summer, Summer | Yes | 36-47 | May, June, July | Fruit | Dry fruit, Hard seed | Insects, Birds | Seeds shriveled or malformed | Indeterminate | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Clipping, Stripping | Clippers, Containers, Gloves | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.22 | 1 | Physical (needs scarification) | Yes | 2 - 72 hrs | No | 99 | 1 | 98 | 1 | 151,401.00 | 1 | 146,889 | 1 | Orthodox | No | Yes | Row cover, Sawdust | Scarification | Drill | Fall, Late fall, Early spring | 20 - 30 seeds/linear ft; 7 lbs/acre | <0.25 | Variable, Trial results provided | Yes | Yes | One, Two | June, July | Indeterminate | Poor | Hand, Mechanical, Vacuum harvester, Collect from paper | 45 - 378 lbs/acre | >3 | Scarification, Rhizobia | Yes | Scarification | Broadcast, Drill | Fall, Late fall, Early spring | 0.25-0.5 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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USDI BLM OR010, SOS. | Basalt milkvetch | Fabaceae | Pea family | Astragalus | filipes | https://westernforbs.org/species/basalt-milkvetch-astragalus-filipes/ | No | Yes | Rare | The genus (other species) | Yes | Perennial | Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | Forb | Erect/ascending | 36 | Yes | No | Alternate | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Compound | Tap | CA, CO, ID, MT, NV, OR, UT, WA |  |
Distribution of basalt milkvetch (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1875–2023. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by S. Barga and B. Bautch-Breitung, USDA Forest Service, RMRS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Sagebrush, Chaparral, Pinyon-Juniper, Dry forest | 8,000 | 250 | 18 | 8 | Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Rocky, gravelly, Coarse | Neutral, Acidic, Alkaline, Saline | pH range reported as 5.8 to 7.3. Tolerates low salinity. | Moderate | Basalt milkvetch has low moisture requirements, tolerates low salinity, and is common on basalt-derived soils | Pioneer, Early | Fire, Soil disturbance | Full sun | Raceme | 2-10, 11-100 | White, Yellow | Perfect | Outcrossing | The species hosts a rich native bee fauna. | Biotic (animal) | Bees | Pod | Indeterminate | Dehiscent | Fruit, Seed | Gravity | Spring, Late spring, Early summer, Summer | No | 51-69 days in an irrigated seed field | June, July, August | Seed, Fruit | Dehiscing (splitting) fruit, Dry fruit, Hard seed, Straw, brown colored stems | golden brown to speckled dark brown | Insects, Birds, Native ungulates | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Mold or disease visible, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Indeterminate | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), X-ray | Long (>3 wks) | Clipping, Stripping | Clippers, Containers, Gloves | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Control of insects is essential. | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Break apart fruit structures to extract individual seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.13 | 0.02 | 0.33 | 23 | Physical (needs scarification) | No | No | 96 | 82 | 99 | 23 | 82 | 38 | 99 | 23 | 90 | 70 | 97 | 21 | 101,845.00 | 71,000.00 | 132,476.00 | 23 | 88,758 | 61,152.00 | 115,413.00 | 21 | Orthodox | Unknown, but likely long-lived | Yes | Row cover | Scarification | Drill | Fall | 0.25-0.5 | No, Trial results provided | No | Yes | Two | June, July | Indeterminate | Poor | Combine | 6.1 to 98.3 lbs/acre | >3 | Rhizobia | Yes | Drill | Fall, Late fall | 0.25-0.5 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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BLM WY090 SOS. | Purple milkvetch | Fabaceae | Pea family | Astragalus | agrestis | https://westernforbs.org/species/purple-milkvetch-astragalus-agrestis/ | No | No | No | Annual, Perennial | Forb | Decumbent/prostrate/spreading, Erect/ascending | 17 | 2 | Yes | No | Alternate | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Compound | Tap | 4 | AK, CA, CO, IA, ID, IL, MN, MT, ND, NE, NM, NV, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY, AB, BC, MB, NT, ON, QC, SK, YT |  |
Distribution of purple milkvetch (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1868–2022. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by S. Barga and B. Bautch-Breitung, USDA Forest Service, RMRS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Sagebrush, Riparian, Pinyon-Juniper, Aspen, Dry forest | 10,500 | 18 | 14 | Clay, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Fine | Alkaline | Soils described as alkaline or slightly alkaline. | The soils associated with purple milkvetch habitats are often described as seasonally moist and alkaline. | Pioneer | Soil disturbance | May be reduced by growing season burning. | Partial sun, Shade | Raceme | 2-10, 11-100 | Purple | Perfect | Outcrossing | Biotic (animal) | Bees | Pod | Fruit, Seed | Animals, Gravity | Spring, Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer | June, July, August | Seed, Fruit | Dry fruit, Hard seed | Insects, Rodents, Livestock, Native ungulates | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Obvious predation | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), X-ray | Unknown | Clipping, Plucking | Clippers, Containers, Gloves | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Insect control is likely critical. | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Break apart fruit structures to extract individual seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 2 | Unknown | No | No | 98 | 98 | 99 | 2 | 87 | 85 | 90 | 2 | 86 | 84 | 88 | 2 | 306,201.00 | 268,402.00 | 344,000.00 | 2 | 258,506 | 233,832.00 | 283,181.00 | 2 | Orthodox | Unknown | No | Yes | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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John Doyen, 2018, CalPhotos. | Silverleaf phacelia | Hydrophyllaceae | Waterleaf family | Phacelia | hastata | https://westernforbs.org/species/silverleaf-phacelia-phacelia-hastata/ | Yes | No | None | Yes | Perennial | Short-lived (1-3 yrs) | Forb | Decumbent/prostrate/spreading, Erect/ascending | 20 | Yes | Yes | Alternate | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Simple | Tap | 11 | AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, ND, NE, NM, NV, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY, AB, BC |  |
Distribution of silverleaf phacelia (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1881–2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Low sage, Sagebrush, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Dry forest | 13,120 | 3,000 | 32 | 10 | Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Coarse | Neutral, Acidic, Alkaline | pH 5.9 to 8 | Moderate | Pioneer, Early | Fire, Soil disturbance | May be sensitive to grazing | Full sun, Partial sun | Cyme | 11-100 | Purple, White | Perfect | Outcrossing | Biotic (animal) | Bees, Wasps | Capsule | Indeterminate | Dehiscent | Seed | Animals, Gravity | Moderate | Spring, Late spring | No | 53-101 days (6 years of testing in irrigated seed fields) | June, July, August | Seed, Fruit | Dehiscing (splitting) fruit, Dry fruit, Hard seed, Straw, brown colored stems | Golden brown to dark brown | Indeterminate | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), X-ray, Other | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Clipping, Stripping | Clippers, Containers, Gloves | 0.1 to 11 ounces/hour of clean seed | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Careful drying is required as considerable vegetative material is usually collected with the seeds. | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Break apart fruit structures to extract individual seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.85 | 49 | Physiological (needs stratification), Physical (needs scarification) | Yes | 2 days (protocol is for the genus) | No | 97 | 87 | 99 | 48 | 95 | 47 | 99 | 49 | 95 | 79 | 98 | 34 | 486,584.00 | 103,231.00 | 750,993.00 | 48 | 446,870 | 293,260.00 | 596,547.00 | 34 | Orthodox | Unknown | 5-10 years in cold storage (3-5C) | Yes | Row cover, Sawdust, Sand | Drill | Fall, Late fall | 20 to 30 PLS/linear foot of row | <0.25 | Yes | Variable, Trial results provided | Unknown | No | One, Two | June, July, August | Indeterminate | Moderate | Hand, Combine | 34 to 65 lbs/acre (up to 90 lbs/acre maximum) | >3 | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Chemical | Yes | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Broadcast, Drill | Fall, Late fall | <0.25 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | ||||||||||||||||||||
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USDI BLM UT931 SOS | Nettleleaf giant hyssop | Lamiaceae | Mint family | Agastache | urticifolia | https://westernforbs.org/species/nettleleaf-giant-hyssop-agastache-urticifolia/ | No | Yes | No | Rare | The genus (other species) | No | Perennial | Short-lived (1-3 yrs), Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | 1-7 yrs | Forb | Erect/ascending | 78 | Yes | No | Opposite | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Simple | Fibrous | AK, AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, ND, NE, NM, NV, OR, SD, TX, UT, WA, WY, BC, YT |  |
Distribution of nettleleaf giant hyssop (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1871-2016. Map: M. Fisk, USDI USGS. | Sagebrush, Riparian, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Oak woodlands, Aspen, Dry forest, Mesic forest | 10,800 | 1,300 | 36 | 18 | Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Medium | Neutral, Acidic, Alkaline | pH 6 TO 8 | Deep | May prefer or be more abundant on moist sites. | Early, Mid, Late (climax) | Fire | Full sun, Partial sun, Shade | Spike | >100 | Pink, Purple, White | Perfect | Outcrossing | Biotic (animal) | Bees, Butterflies, Moths | Nutlet | Indeterminate | Indehiscent | Fruit | Animals, Gravity | Early summer, Summer, Late summer, Early fall | No | July, August, September, October | Seed, Fruit, Infloresence | Dry fruit, Hard seed | Brown to black. | Insects, Rodents | Indeterminate | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), X-ray | Long (>3 wks) | Clipping, Stripping, Swatting/beating | Clippers, Containers, Gloves, Paddles, Racquets | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.20 | 0.03 | 0.60 | 49 | Not dormant | Yes | 24 hrs | No | 97 | 88 | 99 | 49 | 91 | 54 | 99 | 49 | 91 | 60 | 98 | 38 | 748,718.00 | 182,347.00 | 1,054,883.00 | 49 | 656,408 | 107,220.00 | 863,316.00 | 38 | Orthodox | Yes | 5 yrs | Yes | Chemical | Drill | Early spring | Full stand: 50 seeds/sq ft; 1-2 lbs/acre | <0.25 | No | One | Indeterminate | Hand, Mechanical, Swather | 2-3 | Chemical | Yes | Broadcast, Drill | Late fall, Winter, Early spring, Spring | <0.25 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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BLM UT040 SOS. | Small-leaf globemallow | Malvaceae | Mallow family | Sphaeralcea | parvifolia | https://westernforbs.org/species/small-leaf-globemallow-sphaeralcea-parvifolia/ | No | Yes | Common | The species (infrataxa) | Yes | Perennial | Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | Crops were produced for five years in seed fields. | Forb | Decumbent/prostrate/spreading, Erect/ascending | 40 | Yes | Yes | Alternate | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Simple | Tap | AZ, CA, CO, NM, NV, UT |  |
Distribution of small-leaf globemallow (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1911-2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions)) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USGS. | Sagebrush, Warm desert, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper | 9,000 | 2,000 | 6 | Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Rocky, gravelly | Alkaline | pH 8.2-8.7 | Shallow | Shallow, dry, well-drained, rocky and sandy to clay loam. | Pioneer, Early, Mid, Late (climax) | Fire, Soil disturbance | Full sun | Panicle | 11-100 | Orange | Perfect | Outcrossing | Biotic (animal) | Bees | Schizocarp | Indeterminate | Dehiscent, Indehiscent | Fruit | Gravity | Rapid, Moderate | Spring, Late spring, Early summer, Summer | Yes | 65-78 | May, June, July, August | Fruit, Infloresence | Dehiscing (splitting) fruit, Dry fruit, Hard seed, Straw, brown colored stems | Black | Weevils, Insects | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Mold or disease visible, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Indeterminate | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), X-ray | Narrow (<1 wk), Moderate (1-3 wks) | Clipping, Plucking, Stripping, Mechanical (extensive monocultures) | Clippers, Containers, Gloves, Combine/swathers (for large monocultures) | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Pesticide treat or freeze collections for 24 hrs to prevent insect damage | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Break apart fruit structures to extract individual seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.27 | 36 | Physical (needs scarification) | Yes | 24 hours | No | 98 | 87 | 99 | 36 | 92 | 80 | 99 | 36 | 93 | 55 | 98 | 33 | 399,837.00 | 230,722.00 | 612,972.00 | 36 | 356,356 | 189,486.00 | 576,500.00 | 33 | Orthodox | Unknown | Yes | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Scarification | Drill | Fall, Late fall | 30 seeds per foot of row | <0.25, 0.25-0.5 | Trial results provided | Yes | Yes | One | July | Indeterminate | Moderate, Poor | Combine, Swather | 322.5 lbs/ac (245.3 - 436.2 over 3 years) | >3 | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Scarification | Yes | Scarification | Broadcast, Drill | Fall, Late fall | <0.25, 0.25-0.5 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | |||||||||||||||||||||
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S. Young, Utah State University. | Gooseberryleaf globemallow | Malvaceae | Mallow family | Sphaeralcea | grossulariifolia | https://westernforbs.org/species/gooseberryleaf-globemallow-sphaeralcea-grossulariifolia/ | No | Yes | Common | The genus (other species) | No | Perennial | Short-lived (1-3 yrs), Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | The episodic, boom and bust reproduction suggests gooseberryleaf globemallow is short-lived, a very small percentage of plants may be long-lived. | Forb | Erect/ascending | 39 | 24 | Yes | No | Alternate | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Simple | Tap, Tap and fibrous | AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OK, OR, TX, UT, WA, WY, BC, MX - CH |  |
Distribution of gooseberryleaf globemallow (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1902-2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USGS. | Salt desert, Sagebrush, Warm desert, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Dry forest | 7,500 | 330 | 14 | 8 | Silt, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Medium | Alkaline, Saline | Common on basic soils. Tolerates moderate salinity. | Deep, Moderate, Shallow | Plants are drought tolerant and grow on most soil textures, but are common on volcanic substrates. | Pioneer, Early, Mid, Late (climax) | Fire, Soil disturbance | Abundance is often greater in open or recently mechanically disturbed sites than on undisturbed sites and on burned compared to unburned sites. Love and Cane (2019), however, ranked it as fire intolerant. Abundance of gooseberryleaf globemallow was often less on sheep-grazed than ungrazed sites, regardless of the season of use. | Full sun | Panicle, Thryse | 11-100 | Orange, Red | Perfect | Outcrossing | Biotic (animal) | Bees, Wasps | Schizocarp | Indeterminate | Flowering is episodic, possibly related to timing of spring precipitation. Flowering may occur more than once per year. | Dehiscent, Indehiscent | Fruit | Animals, Gravity | Rapid, Moderate, Slow | Fruits are partially dehiscent, thus some seeds are released immediately, while some may be held for weeks or months. | Early spring, Spring, Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer, Early fall | Yes | 72.5 days (4 yr average) in irrigated research plots at Oregon State University's Malheur Experiment Station | June, July, August, September, October | Fruit, Infloresence | Dehiscing (splitting) fruit, Dry fruit, Hard seed | black | Weevils, Insects, Diseases (fungi), Rodents | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Mold or disease visible, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Indeterminate | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), X-ray, Other | Moderate (1-3 wks), Long (>3 wks) | Clipping, Stripping, Swatting/beating, Mechanical (extensive monocultures) | Clippers, Containers, Dust masks, Gloves, Hoppers, Paddles, Racquets, Combine/swathers (for large monocultures) | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Seed is attractive to weevils, which can be controlled with insecticide or by freezing the collection | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Break apart fruit structures to extract individual seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.30 | 31 | Physiological (needs stratification), Physical (needs scarification) | Yes | 2 days | Genus | No | 97 | 89 | 99 | 31 | 90 | 45 | 99 | 31 | 92 | 74 | 98 | 18 | 297,287.00 | 146,986.00 | 462,850.00 | 31 | 282,641 | 114,502.00 | 378,150.00 | 18 | Orthodox | Unknown | Yes | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Scarification | Drill | Fall, Late fall | 20-50 PLS/linear foot of row | <0.25, 0.25-0.5 | No | Yes | Yes | One | July | Indeterminate | Moderate | Hand, Mechanical, Combine | 264 lbs/acre (148 - 351 lbs/acre) (based on irrigation trials, Oregon State University, Malheur Experiment Station) | >3 | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Scarification | Yes | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Scarification | Drill | Fall, Late fall | <0.25, 0.25-0.5 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | |||||||||||||||
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BLM WY030 SOS. | Scarlet globemallow | Malvaceae | Mallow family | Sphaeralcea | coccinea | https://westernforbs.org/species/scarlet-globemallow-sphaeralcea-coccinea/ | Yes | Yes | Common | The genus (other species) | Yes | Perennial | Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | Forb | Decumbent/prostrate/spreading, Erect/ascending, Rhizomatous | 24 | Yes | No | Alternate | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Simple | Tap | AZ, CO, IA, ID, KS, MT, ND, NE, NM, NV, OK, OR, SD, TX, UT, WI, WY, AB, BC, MB, SK |  |
Distribution of scarlet globemallow (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1849-2016). Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Sagebrush, Warm desert, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Dry forest | 5,250 | 980 | 6 | Clay, Silt, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Rocky, gravelly, Coarse | Neutral, Alkaline, Saline | Tolerates low to moderate salinity, pH to 8 | Shallow | Pioneer, Early, Mid, Late (climax) | Fire, Grazing, Soil disturbance | Increases in scarlet globemallow abundance often coincide with decreases in associated vegetation | Full sun | Panicle, Raceme | 11-100 | Orange, Red | Perfect | Outcrossing | Biotic (animal) | Bees | Schizocarp | Indeterminate | Dehiscent, Indehiscent | Fruit | Gravity | Moderate | Spring, Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer, Early fall | Yes | 71 (65-78) | June, July, August | Fruit, Infloresence | Dehiscing (splitting) fruit, Dry fruit, Hard seed, Straw, brown colored stems | Dark brown | Weevils, Insects | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Mold or disease visible, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Indeterminate | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), X-ray | Moderate (1-3 wks), Long (>3 wks) | Stripping, Swatting/beating | Clippers, Containers, Dust masks, Goggles, Paddles, Racquets, Combine/swathers (for large monocultures) | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Break apart fruit structures to extract individual seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.36 | 0.05 | 1.23 | 21 | Physical (needs scarification) | Yes | 2 days | No | 98 | 97 | 99 | 21 | 90 | 70 | 99 | 21 | 89 | 71 | 98 | 20 | 162,099.00 | 128,100.00 | 226,003.00 | 21 | 142,532 | 109,483.00 | 183,831.00 | 20 | Orthodox | No | 16 yrs | Yes | Scarification | Drill | Fall, Late fall | 20-50 PLS/linear foot | <0.25 | No | No | No | Yes | One | June, July | Indeterminate | Moderate | Hand, Combine | 75-400 lbs/acre | >3 | Scarification | Yes | Scarification | Broadcast, Drill | Late fall, Winter | <0.25 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | |||||||||||||||||||||
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BLM ID931 SOS. | Munro’s globemallow | Malvaceae | Mallow family | Sphaeralcea | munroana | https://westernforbs.org/species/munros-globemallow-sphaeralcea-munroana/ | No | No | Yes | Common | The species (infrataxa) | Yes | Perennial | Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | >11 years | Forb, Subshrub, Shrub | Erect/ascending | 35 | Yes | No | Alternate | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Simple | Tap | CA, CO, ID, MT, NV, OR, UT, BC |  |
Distribution of Munro’s globemallow (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1886-2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USGS. | Sagebrush, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper | 8,000 | 330 | 14 | 6 | Clay, Silt, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Rocky, gravelly, Medium | Neutral | Early, Mid, Late (climax) | Fire, Soil disturbance | Full sun | Spike | 2-10, 11-100 | Orange, Red | Perfect | Outcrossing | Biotic (animal) | Bees, Insects, Wasps | Schizocarp | Indeterminate | Dehiscent | Seed | Animals, Gravity | Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer | No | June, July, August, September | Fruit | Dehiscing (splitting) fruit, Hard seed | Dark brown to black. The Schizocarp separates into two indehiscent mericarps. | Weevils, Insects, Rodents, Birds | Insects and damage visible, Obvious predation | Indeterminate | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), Fingernail pressure test, X-ray, Other | Long (>3 wks) | Stripping | Containers, Gloves | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Break apart fruit structures to extract individual seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.35 | 0.06 | 0.74 | 16 | Physical (needs scarification) | Yes | No | 95 | 80 | 99 | 16 | 87 | 65 | 98 | 16 | 88 | 65 | 97 | 15 | 317,423.00 | 249,088.00 | 378,000.00 | 16 | 268,996 | 187,596.00 | 350,278.00 | 15 | Orthodox | No | 6 - 15 yrs | Yes | Weed fabric, Other mulch | Scarification | Drill | Fall, Late fall, Early spring | 20 - 40 PLS/ ft | <0.25 | Variable, Trial results provided | Yes | Yes | Two, Three | July, August | Indeterminate | Poor | Mechanical, Combine, Swather | 200 - 1,400 lbs/acre | >3 | Scarification | Yes | Scarification | Broadcast, Drill | Fall, Late fall, Early spring | <0.25 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches, Add to overall seed mix if drill seeding | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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USDI BLM OR014 SOS. | Sulphur-flower buckwheat | Polygonaceae | Buckwheat family | Eriogonum | umbellatum | https://westernforbs.org/species/sulphur-flower-buckwheat-eriogonum-umbellatum/ | No | Yes | Yes | Common | The species (infrataxa) | No | Perennial | Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | Forb, Subshrub | Decumbent/prostrate/spreading, Erect/ascending | 50 | 2 | 80 | 2 | No | Yes | Opposite, Whorled | Evergreen | Simple | Tap and fibrous | 41 | 48 | AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, UT, WA, AB, BC |  |
Distribution of sulphur-flower buckwheat (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1861-2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Prairie, Low sage, Sagebrush, Warm desert, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Aspen, Dry forest, Mesic forest | 12,100 | 300 | 10 | Silt, Sand, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Rocky, gravelly, Coarse | Neutral, Acidic, Alkaline | pH range of 5.9 to 8.1 reported. | Moderate, Shallow | Pioneer, Early, Mid | Sulphur-flower buckwheat has moderate resistance to most disturbance types, but recovery is often long-term and may take up to 10 years. | Full sun, Partial sun | Umbel | 11-100, >100 | Orange, Red, Yellow | Perfect, Female (pistillate), Male (staminate) | Outcrossing | Biotic (animal) | Bees, Butterflies, Flies, Wasps | Achene | Indeterminate | Indehiscent | Fruit | Gravity | Slow | Early summer, Summer, Late summer, Early fall | No | 47 - 68 | July, August, September, October | Fruit, Infloresence | Dry fruit, Hard seed, Straw, brown colored stems | Light brown - golden | Insects, Rodents, Birds | Determinate | Fingernail pressure test, X-ray | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Clipping, Stripping, Swatting/beating | Clippers, Containers, Gloves, Paddles, Racquets | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Break apart fruit structures to extract individual seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.56 | 127 | Physiological (needs stratification), Morphological (needs afterripening), Not dormant | Yes | 28+ days | Yes | 24 - 48 hrs | 96 | 80 | 99 | 127 | 89 | 13 | 99 | 127 | 82 | 35 | 98 | 96 | 201,135.00 | 101,000.00 | 453,600.00 | 127 | 153,827 | 68,632.00 | 250,179.00 | 96 | Yes | 3 - 15 yrs | Yes | Weed fabric, Sawdust | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Afterripening | Drill, Hilling | Fall, Late fall | 2.25 - 12 lbs PLS/acre; 15 - 33 PLS/ft | <0.25, 0.25-0.5, 0.5-1 | Variable, Trial results provided | Yes | Yes | Two | July, August, September | Determinate | Good | Hand, Mechanical, Combine, Vacuum harvester | 150 - 170 lbs/acre | >3 | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Afterripening | Yes | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Afterripening | Broadcast, Drill | Fall, Late fall | <0.25 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | |||||||||||||||||
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USDA FS Rocky Mountain Research Station, Shrub Sciences Laboratory, Provo, UT. | Parsnipflower buckwheat | Polygonaceae | Buckwheat family | Eriogonum | heracleoides | https://westernforbs.org/species/parsnipflower-buckwheat-eriogonum-heracleoides/ | No | Yes | Yes | Rare | The genus (other species) | Unknown | Perennial | Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | 6+ years | Forb | Decumbent/prostrate/spreading, Erect/ascending | 30 | 2 | 38 | Yes | Yes | Whorled | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Simple | Tap | 180 | 162 | CA, CO, ID, MT, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY, BC |  |
Distribution of parsnipflower buckwheat (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1880-2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Low sage, Sagebrush, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Dry forest, Mesic forest | 11,500 | 660 | 25 | 9 | Clay, Silt, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Rocky, gravelly, Coarse | Neutral, Acidic | Shallow | Primarily on shallow, coarse soils that are slightly acidic to acidic, but grows on soils of various textures and depths. | Pioneer, Early, Mid, Late (climax) | Soil disturbance | Response to fire varies. Heavy spring use by sheep reduces populations. | Umbel | 11-100 | Pink, White, Yellow | Perfect | Outcrossing | Biotic (animal) | Ants, Bees, Beetles, Butterflies | Achene | Indeterminate | Indehiscent | Fruit | Animals, Gravity | Slow | Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer, Early fall | No | 34-68 | June, July, August, September, October | Fruit | Dry fruit, Hard seed | Insects, Rodents, Birds | Indeterminate | X-ray | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Stripping, Swatting/beating | Containers, Gloves, Paddles, Racquets | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Break apart fruit structures to extract individual seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.20 | 0.03 | 0.90 | 63 | Physiological (needs stratification), Morphological (needs afterripening), Not dormant | Yes | 48 hrs | No | 96 | 85 | 99 | 63 | 90 | 30 | 99 | 63 | 78 | 30 | 97 | 53 | 174,379.00 | 77,000.00 | 265,000.00 | 63 | 130,691 | 42,336.00 | 196,419.00 | 53 | Orthodox | No | 4 - 7 | Yes | Row cover, Sawdust | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Afterripening | Drill, Hilling | Fall, Late fall | 15 - 30 PLS/ft; 4 - 5 PLS/hill | <0.25 | Variable, Trial results provided | Yes | Yes | Two | July, August, September | Indeterminate | Good | Hand, Mechanical, Combine | 72 - 525 PLS lbs/acre; 300 lbs/acre | >3 | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Afterripening | Yes | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Afterripening | Broadcast, Drill | Fall, Late fall | <0.25 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | |||||||||||||||||
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BLM UT933 SOS. | Thickleaf beardtongue | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | pachyphyllus | https://westernforbs.org/species/thickleaf-beardtongue-penstemon-pachyphyllus/ | Yes | No | No | Perennial | Short-lived (1-3 yrs) | The species has been described as short-lived and as long-lived. | Forb | Erect/ascending | 24 | Yes | Yes | Opposite | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Simple | Tap | AZ, CO, MT, NM, NV, UT |  |
Distribution of thickleaf penstemon (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1877–2013. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS. | Sagebrush, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Aspen, Dry forest | 10,500 | 3,900 | 27 | 6 | Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Rocky, gravelly | Shallow | Dry gravelly soils, sands to loams. | Pioneer, Early, Mid, Late (climax) | Soil disturbance | Full sun | Thryse | 11-100 | Blue, Purple | Perfect | Outcrossing | Biotic (animal) | Bees, Butterflies, Wasps | Capsule | Determinate and indeterminate | Dehiscent | Seed | Gravity | Spring, Late spring, Early summer | No | 58-83 | June, July, August | Seed, Fruit | Dehiscing (splitting) fruit, Dry fruit, Hard seed, Straw, brown colored stems | Cinnamon brown | Weevils, Insects, Diseases (fungi) | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Mold or disease visible, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Indeterminate | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), X-ray | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Clipping, Stripping, Swatting/beating | Clippers, Containers, Gloves, Hoppers, Paddles, Racquets | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Break apart fruit structures to extract individual seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.40 | 0.03 | 0.80 | 15 | Physiological (needs stratification), Not dormant | Yes | 2-3 days | Genus | Yes | Two methods 74 days for one and 28 days for the second | Genus | 95 | 92 | 98 | 15 | 91 | 85 | 98 | 15 | 90 | 70 | 98 | 12 | 200,611.00 | 160,169.00 | 243,500.00 | 15 | 172,157 | 132,620.00 | 201,618.00 | 12 | Orthodox | No | 14+ under ambient conditions | Yes | Row cover, Weed fabric | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Drill | Fall, Late fall | 30 to 50 seeds/linear foot | <0.25 | Variable, Trial results provided | Yes | Yes | Two | June, July | Indeterminate | Moderate | Hand, Combine | 210 lbs/acre (74 to 570 lbs/acre over 10 years of study) | >3 | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Yes | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Broadcast, Drill | Fall, Late fall | <0.25 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | |||||||||||||||||||||
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M. Lavin, Montana State University. | Firecracker penstemon | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | eatonii | https://westernforbs.org/species/firecracker-penstemon-penstemon-eatonii/ | Yes | Yes | Rare | The genus (other species) | No | Perennial | Short-lived (1-3 yrs) | Short-lived, but reseeds readily. | Forb | Erect/ascending | 48 | 12 | Yes | Yes | Opposite | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Simple | Tap | AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, UT, WY |  |
Distribution of firecracker penstemon (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1869–2018). Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS. Note: The species has been planted beyond its range (e.g., Oregon, Idaho). |
Sagebrush, Warm desert, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Aspen, Dry forest | 11,000 | 1,600 | 16 | 10 | Silt, Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Medium | Neutral | pH 7 to 8. | Common on well drained silt loam to sandy soils and often occurs on gravelly and rocky sites | Pioneer, Early, Mid, Late (climax) | Soil disturbance | Full sun | Thryse | 11-100 | Orange, Red | Perfect | Outcrossing | Biotic (animal) | Bees, Birds, Butterflies | Capsule | Indeterminate | Dehiscent | Fruit | Gravity | Early spring, Spring, Late spring, Early summer, Summer, Late summer, Early fall | No | August, September, October | Fruit, Infloresence | Dehiscing (splitting) fruit, Dry fruit, Hard seed, Straw, brown colored stems | Diseases (fungi) | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Mold or disease visible, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Indeterminate | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), X-ray | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Clipping, Stripping | Clippers, Containers, Gloves | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Molding can occur if green leaves and stems or only partially dried fruits are collected along with the seeds, | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Break apart fruit structures to extract individual seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.22 | 3 | Physiological (needs stratification), Not dormant | Yes | Two to three days | Genus | Yes | 14 or 28 days | Genus | 96 | 94 | 97 | 3 | 88 | 86 | 90 | 3 | 93 | 89 | 96 | 3 | 356,558.00 | 331,090.00 | 378,306.00 | 3 | 291,358 | 253,416.00 | 311,279.00 | 3 | Orthodox | No | 7-12 | Yes | Row cover, Weed fabric | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Drill | Fall, Late fall | <0.25 | Variable | Yes | Yes | Two | Indeterminate | Good | Hand, Swather | 100 lbs/acre | 2-3 | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Yes | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Broadcast, Drill | Fall, Late fall | <0.25 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | ||||||||||||||||||||
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USFS RMRS. | Scabland penstemon | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | deustus | https://westernforbs.org/species/scabland-penstemon-penstemon-deustus/ | Yes | No | Yes | Perennial | Short-lived (1-3 yrs), Long-lived (4 or more yrs) | Forb | Erect/ascending | 24 | Yes | Yes | Opposite | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Simple | Tap | CA, ID, MT, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY |  |
Distribution of scabland penstemon (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1875-2016. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS. | Semi-desert grasslands, Sagebrush, Chaparral, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Dry forest, Mesic forest | 10,000 | 1,300 | 8 | Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Rocky, gravelly | Neutral, Acidic, Alkaline | pH range 5-8 | Shallow | Pioneer, Early, Mid, Late (climax) | Soil disturbance | Full sun | Thryse | 11-100 | White | Perfect | Outcrossing | Flowers are protandrous and have some self-compatibility. | Biotic (animal) | Bees | Capsule | Indeterminate | Dehiscent | Fruit | Gravity | Slow | Late spring, Early summer | No | June, July, August, September, October, November | Fruit, Infloresence | Dehiscing (splitting) fruit, Dry fruit, Hard seed, Straw, brown colored stems | Brown | Weevils, Diseases (fungi) | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Mold or disease visible, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Determinate | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), X-ray | Long (>3 wks) | Clipping, Stripping | Clippers, Containers, Gloves | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Break apart fruit structures to extract individual seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.68 | 42 | Physiological (needs stratification) | Yes | Two to three days | Genus | Yes | 28 or 74 (two methods are available) | Genus | 90 | 38 | 99 | 42 | 91 | 70 | 99 | 42 | 92 | 78 | 98 | 40 | 3,467,478.00 | 2,061,800.00 | 5,670,000.00 | 42 | 2,897,138 | 1,207,017.00 | 5,063,310.00 | 40 | Orthodox | Unknown | Yes | Row cover, Weed fabric | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Seed coating (fungicide, fertilizer, etc.) | Drill, Hilling | Fall, Late fall | Hills spaced 9 to 18 inches apart. Drilling at 30 seeds per row foot | <0.25 | Trial results provided | Yes | Yes | Two | June, July, August, September, October, November | Indeterminate | Good | Hand, Combine | 2-3 | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Yes | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Broadcast, Drill | Fall, Late fall | <0.25 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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USFS RMRS. | Sharpleaf penstemon | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | acuminatus | https://westernforbs.org/species/sharpleaf-penstemon-penstemon-acuminatus/ | Yes | No | Unknown | No | Perennial | Short-lived (1-3 yrs) | Forb | Erect/ascending | 24 | Yes | Yes | Opposite | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Simple | Tap | ID, MT, NV, OR, WA |  |
Distribution of sharpleaf penstemon (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1881-2014. Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USDI USGS. | Sagebrush | 6,000 | 2,150 | 10 | Sand | Coarse, Medium | Neutral, Acidic, Alkaline | Tolerates pH of 5 to 8. | Common on sandy plans and partially stabilized dunes. | Pioneer, Early, Mid | Soil disturbance | It is often found on road cuts and fills and sand dunes. | Full sun | Cyme | 11-100 | Blue, Purple | Perfect | Outcrossing | Biotic (animal) | Bees | Capsule | Indeterminate | Dehiscent | Seed | Gravity | Rapid, Moderate | Spring, Late spring, Early summer, Summer | No | 67-81 (irrigated seed field) | July, August | Seed, Fruit, Infloresence | Dehiscing (splitting) fruit, Dry fruit, Hard seed, Straw, brown colored stems | Brown | Aphids, Insects | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Mold or disease visible, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Indeterminate | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), X-ray | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Clipping | Clippers, Containers, Gloves | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Break apart fruit structures to extract individual seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.16 | 0.02 | 0.48 | 29 | Physiological (needs stratification) | Yes | Two to 3 days. | Genus | Yes | 14 to 28 days | Genus | 91 | 77 | 99 | 29 | 92 | 80 | 99 | 29 | 92 | 70 | 98 | 26 | 487,955.00 | 378,000.00 | 667,000.00 | 29 | 411,598 | 290,904.00 | 626,884.00 | 26 | Orthodox | At least 4 years in cold storage | Yes | Weed fabric | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Drill, Hilling | Fall, Late fall | 20-30 seeds per row foot or in hills 9 to 18 inches apart | <0.25 | Variable, Trial results provided | Yes | Yes | One | July, August | Uniform, Determinate | Poor | Hand, Combine | 150-200 lbs/ac (range 20 -600 lbs/acre | 2-3 | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Yes | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Broadcast, Drill | Fall, Late fall | <0.25 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots | ||||||||||||||||||||
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USFS. | Royal penstemon | Scrophulariaceae | Figwort family | Penstemon | speciosus | https://westernforbs.org/species/royal-penstemon-penstemon-speciosus/ | No | No | Rare | The genus (other species) | No | Perennial | Short-lived (1-3 yrs) | Spread from seed if competition is low. | Forb | Decumbent/prostrate/spreading, Erect/ascending | 35 | 3 | 12 | Yes | Yes | Opposite | Herbaceous perennial (dies back annually) | Simple | Tap | 14 | CA, ID, MT, NV, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY |  |
Distribution of royal penstemon (black circles) based on geo-referenced herbarium specimens and observational data from 1874-2016 (dates not provided for all points). Generalized provisional seed zones (colored regions) are overlain by Omernik Level III Ecoregions (black outlines). Map prepared by M. Fisk, USGS. | Salt desert, Sagebrush, Mountain brush, Pinyon-Juniper, Dry forest, Mesic forest, Subalpine, alpine | 11,300 | 700 | 24 | 8 | Sand, Loam, Coarse - Gravelly, rocky | Coarse, Medium | Neutral, Alkaline | Grows on soils with pH of 6.5-8.0. Tolerates slightly alkaline soils. | Deep, Moderate | It frequently colonizes eroding slopes and other disturbed sites with droughty, well-drained soils. | Pioneer, Early, Mid, Late (climax) | Fire, Soil disturbance | Royal penstemon often colonizes steep and eroding slopes, road cuts and rights-of-way, and other disturbances. It is adapted to well-drained soils and low levels of competition. Flowering royal penstemon in sagebrush communities of southern Idaho has been noted in the year following wildfire. Although not a strong soil stabilizer, the species does provide ground cover, and it will reseed and reestablish itself unless more competitive vegetation establishes. | Full sun | Thryse | 11-100 | Blue, Purple, White | Perfect | Selfing, Outcrossing | Primarily outcrossing. | Biotic (animal) | Bees, Wasps | Capsule | Indeterminate, Determinate and indeterminate | Flowers near the base open first; flowering in the side branches is determinate. | Dehiscent | Seed | Gravity | Moderate | Capsules open slowly and seeds are dispersed over time, so collection can be delayed until most capsules on a stalk are open. | Late spring, Early summer, Summer | No | 35 to 56 days | July, August | Fruit, Infloresence | Dehiscing (splitting) fruit, Dry fruit, Hard seed, Straw, brown colored stems | Dark brown | Lygus bugs, Insects, Livestock | Insects and damage visible, Low fill of seed/fruit, Mold or disease visible, Obvious predation, Seeds shriveled or malformed | Determinate, Indeterminate | Variation within and among plants of a population. | Cut test (individual seed or seedhead), X-ray | Moderate (1-3 wks) | Clipping, Stripping | Clippers, Containers, Dust masks, Gloves | Dry thoroughly, Discard bulky vegetative material, Control for insects, Protect from rodents, Store in breathable containers, Protect from overheating | Break apart inflorescence to extract individual fruits or seeds, Break apart fruit structures to extract individual seeds, Remove extra vegetative material (i.e. leaves, stems, etc.) | Yes | 0.20 | 0.01 | 0.60 | 39 | Physiological (needs stratification) | Yes | 24 hours | Family | Yes | 74 days | Genus | 93 | 57 | 99 | 39 | 95 | 63 | 99 | 39 | 91 | 76 | 96 | 15 | 444,284.00 | 231,428.00 | 743,590.00 | 39 | 391,058 | 206,314.00 | 677,708.00 | 15 | Orthodox | No | Yes | Row cover | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Seed coating (fungicide, fertilizer, etc.) | Drill | Fall, Late fall | 30 seeds/linear foot; | <0.25 | Variable, Trial results provided | Yes | Yes | One, Two | June, July | Indeterminate | Moderate | Hand, Combine | 25 to 350 lbs/acre. | 2-3 | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial), Chemical | Yes | Stratification (fall/winter seeding, artificial) | Broadcast, Drill | Fall, Late fall | <0.25 | Add to overall seed mix if broadcast seeding and covering, Mix with other small-seeded species if drill seeding, Seed with other forbs in pre-selected patches | Establish forb patches, Replace time to seed production, Improve establishment, Improve return on small or expensive seed lots |
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